Affiliations

• ¹ Department of Emergency Medicine Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada; Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada. Electronic address: howesd@kgh.kari.net.
• ² Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Medicine, and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
• ³ Department of Emergency Medicine Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada; Rescu, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's, Toronto, ON, Canada.
• ⁴ Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada; Division of Neurology Department of Medicine Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
• ⁵ Division of Critical Care Medicine and Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
• ⁶ Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care and Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
• ⁷ Department of Emergency Medicine, Department of Critical Care Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
• ⁸ Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
• ⁹ Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Critical Care Medicine and Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada.
• ¹⁰ Department of Emergency Medicine Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
• ¹¹ Critical Care Department, Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michaels Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.
• ¹² McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
• ¹³ Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
• ¹⁴ Department of Neurology and Critical Care Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
• ¹⁵ Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada; Department of Medicine Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.