N-Acyl Amino Acid Ligands for Ruthenium(II)-Catalyzed meta-C-H tert-Alkylation with Removable Auxiliaries

Abstract

Acylated amino acid ligands enabled ruthenium(II)-catalyzed C-H functionalizations with excellent levels of meta-selectivity. The outstanding catalytic activity of the ruthenium(II) complexes derived from monoprotected amino acids (MPAA) set the stage for the first ruthenium-catalyzed meta-functionalizations with removable directing groups. Thereby, meta-alkylated anilines could be accessed, which are difficult to prepare by other means of direct aniline functionalizations. The robust nature of the versatile ruthenium(II)-MPAA was reflected by challenging remote C-H transformations with tertiary alkyl halides on aniline derivatives as well as on pyridyl-, pyrimidyl-, and pyrazolyl-substituted arenes. Detailed mechanistic studies provided strong support for an initial reversible C-H ruthenation, followed by a SET-type C-Hal activation through homolytic bond cleavage. Kinetic analyses confirmed this hypothesis through an unusual second-order dependence of the reaction rate on the ruthenium catalyst concentration. Overall, this report highlights the exceptional catalytic activity of ruthenium complexes derived from acylated amino acids, which should prove instrumental for C-H activation chemistry beyond remote functionalization.