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. 2016 May-Jun;82(3):253-62.
doi: 10.1016/j.bjorl.2015.04.007. Epub 2015 Sep 9.

Complications of otitis media - a potentially lethal problem still present

Norma de Oliveira Penido  1 , Sujana Sreedevi Chandrasekhar  2 , Andrei Borin  3 , André Souza de Albuquerque Maranhão  3 , José Ricardo Gurgel Testa  3
Affiliations

Complications of otitis media - a potentially lethal problem still present

Norma de Oliveira Penido et al. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2016 May-Jun.

Abstract
in English, Portuguese

Introduction: It is an erroneous but commonly held belief that intracranial complications (ICCs) of chronic and acute otitis media (COM and AOM) are past diseases or from developing countries. These problems remain, despite improvements in antibiotic care.

Objective: This paper analyzes the occurrence and clinical characteristics and course of the main ICCs of otitis media (OM).

Methods: Retrospective cohort study of 51 patients with ICCs from OM, drawn from all patients presenting with OM to the emergency room of a large inner-city tertiary care hospital over a 22-year period.

Results: 80% of cases were secondary to COM of which the incidence of ICC was 0.8%; 20% were due to AOM. The death occurrence was 7.8%, hearing loss in 90%, and permanent neurological sequelae in 29%. Patients were 61% male. In the majority, onset of ear disease had occurred during childhood. Delay of diagnosis of both the initial infection as well as the secondary ICC was significant. ICCs included brain abscess and meningitis in 78%, and lateral sinus thrombosis, empyema and otitic hydrocephalus in 13%, 8% and 1% of cases, respectively. Twenty-seven neurosurgical procedures and 43 otologic surgery procedures were performed. Two patients were too ill for surgical intervention.

Conclusion: ICCs of OM, although uncommon, still occur. These cases require expensive, complex and long-term inpatient treatment and frequently result in hearing loss, neurological sequelae and mortality. It is important to be aware of this potentiality in children with COM, especially, and maintain a high index of suspicion in order to refer for otologic specialty care before such complications occur.

Introdução: É uma crença comum, porém errônea, que complicações intracranianas (CICs) de otite média tanto aguda (OMA) quanto crônica (OMC) sejam doenças do passado ou de países em desenvolvimento. No entanto, esses problemas continuam, apesar de melhorias na terapia antimicrobiana.

Objetivo: Analisar a ocorrência, as características clínicas e a evolução das principais CICs secundárias às otites médias (OM).

Método: Estudo de coorte retrospectivo de 51 pacientes com CIC secundárias a OM, provenientes do pronto-socorro de um Hospital Universitário ao longo de um período de 22 anos.

Resultado: No total, 80% dos casos de CICs foram secundários a OMC, cuja incidência foi de 0,8%, e apenas 20% foram secundárias a OMA. A letalidade foi de 7,8%, perda auditiva em 90%, com sequela neurológica permanente em 29%. Dentre os pacientes, 61% eram do sexo masculino. Na maioria, o início da doença otológica tinha ocorrido durante a infância. A demora no diagnóstico, tanto da infecção primária como da complicação secundária, foi significativa. CICs, incluindo abscesso cerebral e meningite, corresponderam a 78%, e trombose do seio lateral, empiema e hidrocefalia otítica em 13%, 8% e 1% dos casos, respectivamente. Foram realizados 27 procedimentos neurocirúrgicos e 43 cirurgias otológicas. Dois pacientes não apresentavam condições clínicas para a intervenção cirúrgica.

Conclusão: CICs de OM, embora incomuns, ainda ocorrem. Esses casos exigem tratamento hospitalar oneroso, complexo e de longo prazo, e frequentemente resultam em perda auditiva, sequelas neurológicas e mortalidade. É importante estar ciente dessa potencialidade especialmente em crianças com OMC e manter um alto índice de suspeita, encaminhar para avaliação otológica e antecipar a ocorrências de tais complicações.

Keywords: Abscesso cerebral; Brain abscess; Complicações intracranianas; Intracranial complications; Meningite; Meningitis; Otite média; Otitis media.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Axial CT scan showing subdural empyema.
Figure 2
Figure 2
(A) Axial CT scan showing cerebellar abscess and subperiosteal abscess. (B) Coronal CT scan showing labyrinthine fistula at the same patient.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Occurrence of intracranial complications in 22 years divided in biennium. This bar graph demonstrates the relatively constant number of ICCs seen in OM over 22 years, despite advances in antibiotic treatment over that same time frame.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Distribution of intracranial complications cases by age intervals and type of otitis. AOM ICC cases (black bars) are seen in the first 2 decades and then after age 40, reflecting the incidence of AOM in the population overall. COM ICC cases (gray bars) are more common in the second 15 years of life, reflecting the time that it takes for unrecognized or undertreated COM to develop into an ICC.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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