Long Non-Coding RNAs as Master Regulators in Cardiovascular Diseases

Krystal Archer¹, Zuzana Broskova², Ahmed S Bayoumi³, Jian-peng Teoh⁴, Alec Davila⁵, Yaoliang Tang^{6

7}, Huabo Su⁸, Il-man Kim^{9

10}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA. karcher@gru.edu.
² Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA. zbroskova@gru.edu.
³ Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA. abayoumi@gru.edu.
⁴ Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA. jteoh@gru.edu.
⁵ Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA. adavila@gru.edu.
⁶ Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA. yaotang@gru.edu.
⁷ Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA. yaotang@gru.edu.
⁸ Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA. hsu@gru.edu.
⁹ Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA. ilkim@gru.edu.
¹⁰ Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA. ilkim@gru.edu.

PMID: 26445043
PMCID: PMC4632719
DOI: 10.3390/ijms161023651

Review

Long Non-Coding RNAs as Master Regulators in Cardiovascular Diseases

Krystal Archer et al. Int J Mol Sci. 2015.

. 2015 Oct 5;16(10):23651-67.

doi: 10.3390/ijms161023651.

Authors

Krystal Archer¹, Zuzana Broskova², Ahmed S Bayoumi³, Jian-peng Teoh⁴, Alec Davila⁵, Yaoliang Tang^{6

7}, Huabo Su⁸, Il-man Kim^{9

10}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA. karcher@gru.edu.
² Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA. zbroskova@gru.edu.
³ Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA. abayoumi@gru.edu.
⁴ Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA. jteoh@gru.edu.
⁵ Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA. adavila@gru.edu.
⁶ Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA. yaotang@gru.edu.
⁷ Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA. yaotang@gru.edu.
⁸ Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA. hsu@gru.edu.
⁹ Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA. ilkim@gru.edu.
¹⁰ Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA. ilkim@gru.edu.

PMID: 26445043
PMCID: PMC4632719
DOI: 10.3390/ijms161023651

Abstract

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the United States, accounting for nearly one in every seven deaths. Over the last decade, various targeted therapeutics have been introduced, but there has been no corresponding improvement in patient survival. Since the mortality rate of cardiovascular disease has not been significantly decreased, efforts have been made to understand the link between heart disease and novel therapeutic targets such as non-coding RNAs. Among multiple non-coding RNAs, long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) has emerged as a novel therapeutic in cardiovascular medicine. LncRNAs are endogenous RNAs that contain over 200 nucleotides and regulate gene expression. Recent studies suggest critical roles of lncRNAs in modulating the initiation and progression of cardiovascular diseases. For example, aberrant lncRNA expression has been associated with the pathogenesis of ischemic heart failure. In this article, we present a synopsis of recent discoveries that link the roles and molecular interactions of lncRNAs to cardiovascular diseases. Moreover, we describe the prevalence of circulating lncRNAs and assess their potential utilities as biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of heart disease.

Keywords: chromatin; epigenetic regulation; gene regulation; heart disease; non-coding RNAs.

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Figures

**Figure 1**
Schematic diagram of representative classes of lncRNAs. Long non-coding RNAs are divided into five subgroups. The groups are based on the genomic locations where the lncRNAs are transcribed from the non-coding sequences.

**Figure 2**
Schematic diagram of lncRNA mechanisms of action. LncRNAs function to regulate gene expression by diverse mechanisms. (A) LncRNAs act as molecular guides and scaffolds to interact with protein complexes. LncRNAs also act as molecular decoys for proteins including transcription factors; (B) lncRNAs modulate the epigenetics through guiding chromatin-modifying complexes to target genomic DNA loci; (C) lncRNAs act as endogenous sponges for other RNAs such as mRNAs and miRNAs. ORF: open reading frame.

**Figure 3**
Roles of lncRNAs in cardiovascular development and disease. Overview of lncRNAs discussed in this review is shown. The white arrows show the blood flow.

See this image and copyright information in PMC

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Long Non-Coding RNAs as Master Regulators in Cardiovascular Diseases

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Long Non-Coding RNAs as Master Regulators in Cardiovascular Diseases

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