Macrophage polarization: the link between inflammation and related diseases

Abstract

Objective: In the present review, we try to critically evaluate the two faces of the macrophages and their roles in relation to gene alteration in some inflammatory conditions. The pros- and cons of each type of macrophage in immunologic outcomes are discussed.

Introduction: If ‘‘Diversity is the rule of nature’’, macrophages have proven to be its obedient followers. A cell type that was classically considered to be activated by Interferon-c, under the influence of T(H)-1 type of response and a well-accepted warrior of cellular immunity to the intracellular pathogens is not as simple as once considered. Past decade has revolutionized this notion with the advent of T(H)-2 influenced alternatively activated macrophages, now established as wound repairing and tissue regenerating.

Methods: Literature survey was done to present a detailed study on this macrophage dichotomy and its relevance to immune disorders via expression of some critical genes, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and SH2-containing inositol-50-phosphatase 1, highly implicated in a myriad of immunological emergencies like inflammation, insulin resistance, wound healing, cancer, etc.

Conclusion: The evaluation of macrophage dichotomy in these disorders may prove to be the first step towards the formulation of innovative therapeutic approaches.