[Complications of knee arthroscopy]

Abstract

Background: Today, knee arthroscopy is one of the standard interventions performed by an orthopaedist and usually has a low potential for complications.

Purpose: The surgeon should still be aware of possible problems, and be able to control and explain them to the patient in detail before surgery.

Materials and methods: The possible relevant peri-, intra- and postoperative complications of knee arthroscopy are discussed.

Results: Evaluation of the patient's medical history and comorbidities is crucial to successful treatment, in addition to a correct diagnosis and indications with the assistance of appropriate imaging procedures. Nervous and vascular injuries, malplacement of arthroscopy portals, thrombosis, air embolism, material breakage and a possible compartment syndrome constitute the peri-and intraoperative complications. Postoperatively, the most frequent negative events are haemarthrosis, thrombosis, embolism and infection, and the appearance of synovial fistulas. In the case of a joint infection, consistent and immediate diagnosis and therapy are vital for joint preservation. Late complications after arthroscopic interventions include Ahlback's disease, arthrofibrosis and complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS).

Discussion: Nowadays, the systematic education of arthroscopic surgeons using simulators, models, and cadavers, in addition to shadowing experienced arthroscopists, is required to offer patients the best therapeutic options.

Keywords: Arthroscopy; Intraoperative complications; Joint diseases; Knee joint; Postoperative complications.