Affiliation

• ¹ From the Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California (B.M.I); Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, Ohio (B.M.I); Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California (M.J.M); and Departments of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine and Health Research and Policy, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California (A.M.).