Anatomic Differences in the Sacral Hiatus During Caudal Epidural Injection Using Ultrasound Guidance

Abstract

Objectives: The aim of this study was to clarify differences in the anatomic structure of the sacral hiatus and angle of needle insertion during caudal epidural steroid injection using ultrasound guidance in patients according to sex and age.

Methods: A total of 237 patients with low back pain with or without sciatica were included. Sonograms of the sacral hiatus were obtained, and caudal epidural steroid injection using ultrasound guidance was performed in all patients. The intercornual distance, diameter of the sacral canal, thickness of the sacrococcygeal ligament, optimal angle for needle insertion, and actual angle of needle insertion were measured.

Results: Between men and women, significant differences were observed for the intercornual distance (17.7 versus 16.5 mm; P< .01) and thickness of the sacrococcygeal ligament (4.3 versus 3.9 mm; P = .02). In all patients, the thickness of the sacrococcygeal ligament (r= 0.28) and diameter of the sacral canal (r= 0.40) were positively correlated with the optimal angle for needle insertion (P < .01). In women, the thickness of the sacrococcygeal ligament (r = -0.24), diameter of the sacral canal (r = -0.27), optimal angle for needle insertion (r = -0.29), and actual angle of needle insertion (r = -0.18) were negatively correlated with age. In men, only the diameter of the sacral canal was negatively correlated with age (r = -0.30).

Conclusions: We found that the sacral hiatus has anatomic differences between patients of different sexes and ages. Understanding these differences, especially in women, may improve the safety and reliability of caudal epidural steroid injection.

Keywords: age; caudal epidural steroid injection; musculoskeletal ultrasound; sacral hiatus; sex.