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Review
. 2015 Aug;4(4):418-37.
doi: 10.1002/open.201500053. Epub 2015 Jun 12.

Gated Silica Mesoporous Materials in Sensing Applications

Félix Sancenón  1 , Lluís Pascual  1 , Mar Oroval  1 , Elena Aznar  2 , Ramón Martínez-Máñez  1
Affiliations
Review

Gated Silica Mesoporous Materials in Sensing Applications

Félix Sancenón et al. ChemistryOpen. 2015 Aug.

Abstract

Silica mesoporous supports (SMSs) have a large specific surface area and volume and are particularly exciting vehicles for delivery applications. Such container-like structures can be loaded with numerous different chemical substances, such as drugs and reporters. Gated systems also contain addressable functions at openings of voids, and cargo delivery can be controlled on-command using chemical, biochemical or physical stimuli. Many of these gated SMSs have been applied for drug delivery. However, fewer examples of their use in sensing protocols have been reported. The approach of applying SMSs in sensing uses another concept-that of loading pores with a reporter and designing a capping mechanism that is selectively opened in the presence of a target analyte, which results in the delivery of the reporter. According to this concept, we provide herein a complete compilation of published examples of probes based on the use of capped SMSs for sensing. Examples for the detection of anions, cations, small molecules and biomolecules are provided. The diverse range of gated silica mesoporous materials presented here highlights their usefulness in recognition protocols.

Keywords: anions; biomolecules; cations; gated materials; mesoporous silica; sensors.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Scheme of the recognition paradigm using nanoscopic gate-like scaffoldings: A) inhibition of dye release due to analyte coordination with grafted binding sites; B) uncapping of the pores by an analyte-induced displacement reaction.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Micrometric silica mesoporous support functionalized with polyamines for the detection of ATP.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Micrometric silica mesoporous support functionalized with imidazolium binding sites for the detection of long-chain carboxylates.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Micrometric silica mesoporous support functionalized with polyalcohols for the detection of borate.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Nanometric silica mesoporous support loaded with fluorescein and capped with ATP aptamers for the detection of ATP.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Nanometric silica mesoporous support loaded with Ru(bipy)32+ and capped with ATP aptamers for the detection of ATP.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Nanometric silica mesoporous support loaded with fluorescein isothiocyanate and capped with ATP aptamer containing gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) for the detection of ATP.
Figure 8
Figure 8
A) Nanometric silica mesoporous support loaded with glucose and capped with ATP aptamer containing AuNPs for the detection of ATP. B) Selectivity release profile for the sensing material triggered by ATP, CTP, GTP and UDP (0.1 mm after 6 h). PGM=personal glucometer. (Reproduced with permission from Ref. . Copyright 2014, Royal Society of Chemistry).
Figure 9
Figure 9
Micrometric silica mesoporous support loaded with safranine and capped with 2,4-bis-(4-dialkylaminophenyl)-3-hydroxy-4-alkylsulfanylcyclobut-2-one (APC) groups for the detection of methylmercury.
Figure 10
Figure 10
A) Nanometric silica mesoporous support loaded with rhodamine and capped with aptamers for the detection of Hg2+ cations. B) Emission intensity in the presence of increasing quantities of Hg2+ (Inset: linear fit of the fluorescence signal). (Reproduced with permission from Ref. . Copyright 2012, American Chemical Society).
Figure 11
Figure 11
Nanometric silica mesoporous support loaded with curcumin and capped with Cs+-18-crown-6 complexes for the detection of K+ cations.
Figure 12
Figure 12
Nanometric silica mesoporous support loaded with methylene blue or methionine and capped with DNAzyme for the detection of Mg2+ and UO22+ cations.
Figure 13
Figure 13
Nanometric silica mesoporous support loaded with glucose and capped with DNAzyme for the detection of Pb2+ cations.
Figure 14
Figure 14
A) Nanometric silica mesoporous support loaded with rhodamine B and capped with glucose oxidase enzyme (GOx) for the detection of d-glucose. B) Selectivity release profile for the capped nanoparticles triggered by saccharides (1 mm glucose, 10 mm others). (Reproduced with permission from Ref. . Copyright 2012, Royal Society of Chemistry).
Figure 15
Figure 15
Nanometric silica mesoporous support loaded with Ru(bipy)32+ and capped with cyclodextrin-modified glucose oxidase (CD-GOx) for the detection of d-glucose.
Figure 16
Figure 16
Janus gold–silica mesoporous nanoparticle support loaded with Ru(bipy)32+ and capped with polyamines for the detection of urea.
Figure 17
Figure 17
Janus gold–silica mesoporous nanoparticle support loaded with Ru(bipy)32+ and capped with β-CD for the detection of d-glucose and ethyl butyrate.
Figure 18
Figure 18
Nanometric silica mesoporous support loaded with calcein and capped with α-, β- or γ-CD for the detection of fructose or galactose.
Figure 19
Figure 19
Nanometric silica mesoporous support loaded with safranin O and capped with poly(ethylene glycol) for the detection of glutathione (GSH).
Figure 20
Figure 20
Micrometric silica mesoporous support loaded with Ru(bipy)32+ and capped with pyrene or tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) derivatives for the detection of nitroaromatic explosives.
Figure 21
Figure 21
Micrometric silica mesoporous support loaded with Ru(bipy)32+ and capped with hydroxyamino groups for the detection of nerve agent simulants.
Figure 22
Figure 22
Nanometric silica mesoporous support loaded with Ru(bipy)32+ and capped with different antibodies for the detection of sulfathiazole, finasteride and triacetone triperoxide (TATP).
Figure 23
Figure 23
Nanometric silica mesoporous support loaded with methylene blue or glucose and capped with antibody–polystyrene microspheres for the detection of brevetoxin B.
Figure 24
Figure 24
Nanometric silica mesoporous support loaded with glucose and capped with antibody–AuNPs for the detection of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1).
Figure 25
Figure 25
Nanometric silica mesoporous support loaded with rhodamine B and capped with functionalized AuNPs for the detection of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1).
Figure 26
Figure 26
Nanometric silica mesoporous support loaded with rhodamine B and capped with adenosine aptamer AuNPs for the detection of adenosine.
Figure 27
Figure 27
Nanometric silica mesoporous support loaded with fluorescein and capped with oligonucleotide for the detection of the complementary strand.
Figure 28
Figure 28
Nanometric silica mesoporous support loaded with rhodamine B and capped with a single-stranded oligonucleotide for the detection Mycoplasma fermentans genomic DNA.
Figure 29
Figure 29
Nanometric silica mesoporous support loaded with rhodamine B and capped with covalently anchored oligonucleotides for the detection Mycoplasma fermentans genomic DNA.
Figure 30
Figure 30
Nanometric core-shell platinum–silica mesoporous support capped with oligonucleotide for the detection of the complementary strand.
Figure 31
Figure 31
A) Nanometric silica mesoporous support loaded with rhodamine B and capped with thrombin binding aptamer for the detection of thrombin. B) Release profile of rhodamine B from the capped solid in the presence (i) and in the absence (ii) of thrombin in simulated human blood plasma. (Reproduced with permission from Ref. . Copyright 2013, Royal Society of Chemistry).
Figure 32
Figure 32
Nanometric silica mesoporous support loaded with methylene blue and capped with DNA for the detection of prostate-specific antigen (PSA).
Figure 33
Figure 33
Nanometric silica mesoporous support capped with DNA for the detection of telomerase activity.
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