Diagnosis of Dengue Infection Using Conventional and Biosensor Based Techniques

Abstract

Dengue is an arthropod-borne viral disease caused by four antigenically different serotypes of dengue virus. This disease is considered as a major public health concern around the world. Currently, there is no licensed vaccine or antiviral drug available for the prevention and treatment of dengue disease. Moreover, clinical features of dengue are indistinguishable from other infectious diseases such as malaria, chikungunya, rickettsia and leptospira. Therefore, prompt and accurate laboratory diagnostic test is urgently required for disease confirmation and patient triage. The traditional diagnostic techniques for the dengue virus are viral detection in cell culture, serological testing, and RNA amplification using reverse transcriptase PCR. This paper discusses the conventional laboratory methods used for the diagnosis of dengue during the acute and convalescent phase and highlights the advantages and limitations of these routine laboratory tests. Subsequently, the biosensor based assays developed using various transducers for the detection of dengue are also reviewed.

Keywords: NS1; biosensor; dengue; dengue specific IgM; detection; diagnosis; rt-PCR; viral isolation.

Figure 1

Suitability of dengue diagnostics at different phases of illness.

Figure 2

Mechanism for the reaction of aniline with chloroauric acid trihydrate and schematic representation of the AuNpPANI-BmoLL-BSA-DEN biosensor system (Retrieved from [65]).

Figure 3

The principle scheme of the biosensor based on DNA/RNA hybridization, magnetic bead complex formation and fluorescence detection of RNA-specific complexes via intact (a) and lysed (b) liposomes (Retrieved from [77]).