Resistance to temptation: the interaction of external and internal control on alcohol use during residential treatment for alcohol use disorder

Abstract

Background: There is evidence that drinking during residential treatment is related to various factors, such as patients' general control beliefs and self-efficacy, as well as to external control of alcohol use by program's staff and situations where there is temptation to drink. As alcohol use during treatment has been shown to be associated with the resumption of alcohol use after discharge from residential treatment, we aimed to investigate how these variables are related to alcohol use during abstinence-oriented residential treatment programs for alcohol use disorders (AUD).

Methods: In total, 509 patients who entered 1 of 2 residential abstinence-oriented treatment programs for AUD were included in the study. After detoxification, patients completed a standardized diagnostic procedure including interviews and questionnaires. Drinking was assessed by patients' self-report of at least 1 standard drink or by positive breathalyzer testing. The 2 residential programs were categorized as high or low control according to the average number of tests per patient.

Results: Regression analysis revealed a significant interaction effect between internal and external control suggesting that patients with high internal locus of control and high frequency of control by staff demonstrated the least alcohol use during treatment (16.7%) while patients with low internal locus of control in programs with low external control were more likely to use alcohol during treatment (45.9%). No effects were found for self-efficacy and temptation.

Conclusions: As alcohol use during treatment is most likely associated with poor treatment outcomes, external control may improve treatment outcomes and particularly support patients with low internal locus of control, who show the highest risk for alcohol use during treatment. High external control may complement high internal control to improve alcohol use prevention while in treatment.

Keywords: Alcohol Dependence; Alcohol Testing; Alcohol Use; Locus of Control.

Figure 1

Percentage of alcohol use during residential treatment programs for alcohol use disorders displayed separately for internal (high vs. low) and external (high vs. low) control groups. l‐ext, l‐int: low external control, low internal control (45.9% alcohol use); l‐ext, h‐int: low external control, high internal control (31.7% alcohol use); h‐ext, l‐int: high external control, low internal control (35.2% alcohol use); h‐ext, h‐int: high external control, high internal control (16.7% alcohol use).