Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2015 Oct 28;21(40):11282-303.
doi: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i40.11282.

Current stage in inflammatory bowel disease: What is next?

Gonzalo Jesús Gómez-Gómez  1 , Ángeles Masedo  1 , Carmen Yela  1 , Maria del Pilar Martínez-Montiel  1 , Begoña Casís  1
Affiliations
Review

Current stage in inflammatory bowel disease: What is next?

Gonzalo Jesús Gómez-Gómez et al. World J Gastroenterol. .

Abstract

In recent years, the incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been on the rise, extending to countries where it was infrequent in the past. As a result, the gap between high and low incidence countries is decreasing. The disease, therefore, has an important economic impact on the healthcare system. Advances in recent years in pharmacogenetics and clinical pharmacology have allowed for the development of treatment strategies adjusted to the patient profile. Concurrently, new drugs aimed at inflammatory targets have been developed that may expand future treatment options. This review examines advances in the optimization of existing drug treatments and the development of novel treatment options for IBD.

Keywords: Future directions; Inflammatory bowel disease; New drugs; Pharmacogenetic; Pharmacokinetics.

PubMed Disclaimer

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Metabolism of azatioprine and 6-mercaptopurine. AZA: Azathioprine; 6-MP: 6-mercaptopurine; 6-MeMP: 6-methylmercaptopurine; 6-TU: 6-thiouric acid; 8-OH 6MP: 8-hydroxymercaptopurine; 6Me-tIMP: 6-methyl thioinosine monophosphate; 6-tIMP: 6-thioinosine monophosphate; 6-TIDP: 6-thioinosine diphosphate; 6-TITP: 6-thioinosine triphosphate; 6-MeTITP: 6-methylthioinosine triphosphate; tXMP: Thioxanthine monophosphate tGMP: Thioguanine monophosphate; tGDP: Thioguanine diphosphate; tGTP: Thioguanine triphosphate; Me-tGMP: Methylthioguanine monophosphate; Deoxy-tGTP: Deoxythioguanine triphosphate; GST: Glutathione S-transferasa; TPMT: Thipurine methyltransferase; XDH: Xanthine dehydrogenase; AO: Aldehyde oxidase; HGPRT: Hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase; IMPDH: Inopine monophosphate dehydrogenase; GMPS: Guanosine monophosphate synthetase; PK: Phosphokinase; rPK: Reductase phosphokinase.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Algorithm of treatment for non responders to thiopurine drugs. AZA: Azathioprine; 6-MP: 6-mercaptopurine; 6-TG: 6-thioguanine; 6-MeMp: 6-methyl mercaptopurine.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Molodecky NA, Soon IS, Rabi DM, Ghali WA, Ferris M, Chernoff G, Benchimol EI, Panaccione R, Ghosh S, Barkema HW, et al. Increasing incidence and prevalence of the inflammatory bowel diseases with time, based on systematic review. Gastroenterology. 2012;142:46–54.e42; quiz e30. - PubMed
    1. Burisch J, Pedersen N, Čuković-Čavka S, Brinar M, Kaimakliotis I, Duricova D, Shonová O, Vind I, Avnstrøm S, Thorsgaard N, Andersen V, Krabbe S, Dahlerup JF, Salupere R, Nielsen KR, Olsen J, Manninen P, Collin P, Tsianos EV, Katsanos KH, Ladefoged K, Lakatos L, Björnsson E, Ragnarsson G, Bailey Y, Odes S, Schwartz D, Martinato M, Lupinacci G, Milla M, De Padova A, D’Incà R, Beltrami M, Kupcinskas L, Kiudelis G, Turcan S, Tighineanu O, Mihu I, Magro F, Barros LF, Goldis A, Lazar D, Belousova E, Nikulina I, Hernandez V, Martinez-Ares D, Almer S, Zhulina Y, Halfvarson J, Arebi N, Sebastian S, Lakatos PL, Langholz E, Munkholm P; EpiCom-group. East-West gradient in the incidence of inflammatory bowel disease in Europe: the ECCO-EpiCom inception cohort. Gut. 2014;63:588–597. - PubMed
    1. Lakatos PL. Environmental factors affecting inflammatory bowel disease: have we made progress? Dig Dis. 2009;27:215–225. - PubMed
    1. Knights D, Lassen KG, Xavier RJ. Advances in inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis: linking host genetics and the microbiome. Gut. 2013;62:1505–1510. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Kalla R, Ventham NT, Kennedy NA, Quintana JF, Nimmo ER, Buck AH, Satsangi J. MicroRNAs: new players in IBD. Gut. 2015;64:504–517. - PMC - PubMed

MeSH terms

Substances