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. 2015 Oct 30;7(11):4404-20.
doi: 10.3390/toxins7114404.

Nodularia spumigena peptides--accumulation and effect on aquatic invertebrates

Hanna Mazur-Marzec  1 , Katarzyna Sutryk  2 , Agnieszka Hebel  3 , Natalia Hohlfeld  4 , Anna Pietrasik  5 , Agata Błaszczyk  6
Affiliations

Nodularia spumigena peptides--accumulation and effect on aquatic invertebrates

Hanna Mazur-Marzec et al. Toxins (Basel). .

Abstract

Thus far, the negative effects of Nodularia spumigena blooms on aquatic organisms have been mainly attributed to the production of the hepatotoxic nodularin (NOD). In the current work, the accumulation of other N. spumigena metabolites in blue mussels and crustaceans, and their effect on Thamnocephalus platyurus and Artemia franciscana, were examined. The liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analyses provided evidence that both blue mussels collected after a cyanobacterial bloom in the Baltic Sea and the crustaceans exposed under laboratory conditions to N. spumigena extract accumulated the cyclic anabaenopeptins (APs). In the crustaceans, the linear peptides, spumigins (SPUs) and aeruginosins (AERs), were additionally detected. Exposure of T. platyurus and A. franciscana to N. spumigena extract confirmed the negative effect of nodularin on the organisms. However, high numbers of dead crustaceans were also recorded in the nodularin-free fraction, which contained protease inhibitors classified to spumigins and aeruginosins. These findings indicate that cyanobacterial toxicity to aquatic organisms is a complex phenomenon and the induced effects can be attributed to diverse metabolites, not only to the known hepatotoxins.

Keywords: Baltic cyanobacteria; Nodularia spumigena; bioaccumulation; blue mussels; crustaceans; cyanopeptides.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
MRM chromatograms for nodularin NOD825, anabaenopeptin AP918 and aeruginosin AER587 in Artemia franciscana (A) and Thamnocephalus platyurus (B) exposed to Nodularia spumigena extracts.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Mortality of A. franciscana and T. platyurus, exposed to N. spumigena spent media collected during growth of the culture (A) and to N. spumigena cell extract collected on 21 day of the culture (B). Nodularin (NOD) concentrations in the samples are marked with a diamond.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Mortality percentage of A. franciscana exposed to cell extract from N. spumigena CCNP1401 (A) and to diluted fractions II and III (B).
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