The role of neuropathology in the management of patients with diffuse low grade glioma: A systematic review and evidence-based clinical practice guideline

Abstract

Target population: Adult patients (age ≥18 years) who have suspected low-grade diffuse glioma.

Question: What are the optimal neuropathological techniques to diagnose low-grade diffuse glioma in the adult?

Recommendation: LEVEL I: Histopathological analysis of a representative surgical sample of the lesion should be used to provide the diagnosis of low-grade diffuse glioma.

Level iii: Both frozen section and cytopathologic/smear evaluation should be used to aid the intra-operative assessment of low-grade diffuse glioma diagnosis. A resection specimen is preferred over a biopsy specimen, to minimize the potential for sampling error issues.

Target population: Patients with histologically-proven WHO grade II diffuse glioma.

Question: In adult patients (age ≥18 years) with histologically-proven WHO grade II diffuse glioma, is testing for IDH1 mutation (R132H and/or others) warranted? If so, is there a preferred method?

Level ii: IDH gene mutation assessment, via IDH1 R132H antibody and/or IDH1/2 mutation hotspot sequencing, is highly-specific for low-grade diffuse glioma, and is recommended as an additional test for classification and prognosis.

Target population: Patients with histologically-proven WHO grade II diffuse glioma.

Question: In adult patients (age ≥18 years) with histologically-proven WHO grade II diffuse glioma, is testing for 1p/19q loss warranted? If so, is there a preferred method?

Level iii: 1p/19q loss-of-heterozygosity testing, by FISH, array-CGH or PCR, is recommended as an additional test in oligodendroglial cases for prognosis and potential treatment planning.

Target population: Patients with histologically-proven WHO grade II diffuse glioma.

Question: In adult patients (age ≥18 years) with histologically-proven WHO grade II diffuse glioma, is MGMT promoter methylation testing warranted? If so, is there a preferred method?

Recommendation: There is insufficient evidence to recommend methyl-guanine methyl-transferase (MGMT) promoter methylation testing as a routine for low-grade diffuse gliomas. It is recommended that patients be enrolled in properly designed clinical trials to assess the value of this and related markers for this target population.

Target population: Patients with histologically-proven WHO grade II diffuse glioma.

Question: In adult patients (age ≥18 years) with histologically-proven WHO grade II diffuse glioma, is Ki-67/MIB1 immunohistochemistry warranted? If so, is there a preferred method to quantitate results?

Level iii: Ki67/MIB1 immunohistochemistry is recommended as an option for prognostic assessment.

Keywords: 1p/19q loss-of-heterozygosity; Astrocytoma; Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH1, IDH2); Ki67/MIB1; Low-grade diffuse glioma; Methyl-guanine methyl-transferase (MGMT); Oligodendroglioma.