A Ratiometric Fluorescent Probe Based on a Through-Bond Energy Transfer (TBET) System for Imaging HOCl in Living Cells

Abstract

A simple ratiometric probe (Naph-Rh) has been designed and synthesized based on a through-bond energy transfer (TBET) system for sensing HOCl. In this probe, rhodamine thiohydrazide and naphthalene formyl were connected by simple synthesis methods to construct a structure of monothio-bishydrazide. Free probe Naph-Rh showed only the emission of naphthalene. When probe Naph-Rh reacted with HOCl, monothio-bishydrazide could be converted into 1,2,4-oxadiazole, which not only ensured that the donor and the acceptor were connected with electronically conjugated bonds, but also resulted in the spiro-ring opening and the emission of rhodamine. Therefore, a typical TBET process took place. The probe possessed high-energy transfer efficiency and large pseudo-Stokes shifts. As the first TBET probe for HOCl, Naph-Rh showed excellent selectivity and sensitivity toward HOCl over other reactive oxygen species (ROS)/reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and could respond fast to a low concentration of HOCl in the real sample. In addition, the probe was suitable for imaging HOCl in living cells due to its real-time response, excellent resolution, and reduced cytotoxicity.

Keywords: fluorescent probes; hypochlorous acid; naphthalene; rhodamine; through-bond energy transfer.