Membrane antigen analysis in the diagnosis of lymphoid leukemias and lymphomas. Differential diagnosis, prognosis as related to immunophenotype, and recommendations for testing

Abstract

The immunophenotypic features of lymphoid leukemias and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the more recent literature, particularly the insights provided by monoclonal antibodies specific for T and B lymphocytes, and the contributions of flow cytometry. Characteristic immunophenotypes for T- and B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia, the non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, chronic B- and T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders, and multiple myeloma are described. The importance of this information in the diagnostic process and in providing prognostic information concerning disease progression is considered. Limitations associated with monoclonal antibody reagents and flow technology are noted. Representative panels of monoclonal antibodies as used in the author's laboratory for characterizing these disorders are presented and discussed in light of the author's experience.