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Review
. 2015 Nov 17;6(4):961-76.
doi: 10.3390/insects6040961.

Salivary Biomarkers in the Control of Mosquito-Borne Diseases

Souleymane Doucoure  1 , Papa Makhtar Drame  2
Affiliations
Review

Salivary Biomarkers in the Control of Mosquito-Borne Diseases

Souleymane Doucoure et al. Insects. .

Abstract

Vector control remains the most effective measure to prevent the transmission of mosquito-borne diseases. However, the classical entomo-parasitological methods used to evaluate the human exposure to mosquito bites and the effectiveness of control strategies are indirect, labor intensive, and lack sensitivity in low exposure/transmission areas. Therefore, they are limited in their accuracy and widespread use. Studying the human antibody response against the mosquito salivary proteins has provided new biomarkers for a direct and accurate evaluation of the human exposure to mosquito bites, at community and individual levels. In this review, we discuss the development, applications and limits of these biomarkers applied to Aedes- and Anopheles-borne diseases.

Keywords: biomarker; control; exposure; mosquito; salivary-proteins.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The fluctuation of the IgG anti-Ae. caspius saliva according the season of exposure. The measure of the IgG anti-Ae. caspius has been used to follow up the seasonal exposure to vector bites in three localities in Southern France. For each locality, the level of IgG against Ae. cusp saliva was measured in February (T1), September (T2) and January (T3) [28]. For each locality, the level of IgG against Aedes caspius saliva was measured in February (T1), September (T2) and January (T3), and is represented in white, grey and black symbols, respectively. Horizontal bars show medians.
Figure 2
Figure 2
The gSG6-P1 SB indicating the exposure to Anopheles in two different geographical localities. The gSG6-P1 could be used to highlight the difference of exposure to Anopheles bites in two geographical settings marked by different vector densities. The optical density values (ODs) on the y axis of the graph represent the level of IgG response to gSG6-P1 SB [31].
Figure 3
Figure 3
The IgG anti- gSG6-P1 evaluating the efficacy of LLIN use. The gSG6-P1 SB represent a good indicator for LLIN efficacy and their non-use or damage over time [38].
Figure 4
Figure 4
The gSG6-P1 and malaria transmission. The SB showed that the malaria prevalence in Kisii (n = 222), Kakamega (n = 203) and Kombewa (n = 202) depends on the level of exposure to vector bites [31].
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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