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Meta-Analysis
. 2015 Nov 25;2015(11):CD009885.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009885.pub2.

Methylphenidate for children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Ole Jakob Storebø  1 , Erica Ramstad, Helle B Krogh, Trine Danvad Nilausen, Maria Skoog, Mathilde Holmskov, Susanne Rosendal, Camilla Groth, Frederik L Magnusson, Carlos R Moreira-Maia, Donna Gillies, Kirsten Buch Rasmussen, Dorothy Gauci, Morris Zwi, Richard Kirubakaran, Bente Forsbøl, Erik Simonsen, Christian Gluud
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Methylphenidate for children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Ole Jakob Storebø et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Update in

Abstract

Background: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most commonly diagnosed and treated psychiatric disorders in childhood. Typically, children with ADHD find it difficult to pay attention, they are hyperactive and impulsive.Methylphenidate is the drug most often prescribed to treat children and adolescents with ADHD but, despite its widespread use, this is the first comprehensive systematic review of its benefits and harms.

Objectives: To assess the beneficial and harmful effects of methylphenidate for children and adolescents with ADHD.

Search methods: In February 2015 we searched six databases (CENTRAL, Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Conference Proceedings Citations Index), and two trials registers. We checked for additional trials in the reference lists of relevant reviews and included trials. We contacted the pharmaceutical companies that manufacture methylphenidate to request published and unpublished data.

Selection criteria: We included all randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing methylphenidate versus placebo or no intervention in children and adolescents aged 18 years and younger with a diagnosis of ADHD. At least 75% of participants needed to have an intellectual quotient of at least 70 (i.e. normal intellectual functioning). Outcomes assessed included ADHD symptoms, serious adverse events, non-serious adverse events, general behaviour and quality of life.

Data collection and analysis: Seventeen review authors participated in data extraction and risk of bias assessment, and two review authors independently performed all tasks. We used standard methodological procedures expected within Cochrane. Data from parallel-group trials and first period data from cross-over trials formed the basis of our primary analyses; separate analyses were undertaken using post-cross-over data from cross-over trials. We used Trial Sequential Analyses to control for type I (5%) and type II (20%) errors, and we assessed and downgraded evidence according to the Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach for high risk of bias, imprecision, indirectness, heterogeneity and publication bias.

Main results: The studies.We included 38 parallel-group trials (5111 participants randomised) and 147 cross-over trials (7134 participants randomised). Participants included individuals of both sexes, at a boys-to-girls ratio of 5:1, and participants' ages ranged from 3 to 18 years across most studies (in two studies ages ranged from 3 to 21 years). The average age across all studies was 9.7 years. Most participants were from high-income countries.The duration of methylphenidate treatment ranged from 1 to 425 days, with an average duration of 75 days. Methylphenidate was compared to placebo (175 trials) or no intervention (10 trials). Risk of Bias.All 185 trials were assessed to be at high risk of bias. Primary outcomes. Methylphenidate may improve teacher-rated ADHD symptoms (standardised mean difference (SMD) -0.77, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.90 to -0.64; 19 trials, 1698 participants; very low-quality evidence). This corresponds to a mean difference (MD) of -9.6 points (95% CI -13.75 to -6.38) on the ADHD Rating Scale (ADHD-RS; range 0 to 72 points; DuPaul 1991a). A change of 6.6 points on the ADHD-RS is considered clinically to represent the minimal relevant difference. There was no evidence that methylphenidate was associated with an increase in serious (e.g. life threatening) adverse events (risk ratio (RR) 0.98, 95% CI 0.44 to 2.22; 9 trials, 1532 participants; very low-quality evidence). The Trial Sequential Analysis-adjusted intervention effect was RR 0.91 (CI 0.02 to 33.2).

Secondary outcomes: Among those prescribed methylphenidate, 526 per 1000 (range 448 to 615) experienced non-serious adverse events, compared with 408 per 1000 in the control group. This equates to a 29% increase in the overall risk of any non-serious adverse events (RR 1.29, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.51; 21 trials, 3132 participants; very low-quality evidence). The Trial Sequential Analysis-adjusted intervention effect was RR 1.29 (CI 1.06 to 1.56). The most common non-serious adverse events were sleep problems and decreased appetite. Children in the methylphenidate group were at 60% greater risk for trouble sleeping/sleep problems (RR 1.60, 95% CI 1.15 to 2.23; 13 trials, 2416 participants), and 266% greater risk for decreased appetite (RR 3.66, 95% CI 2.56 to 5.23; 16 trials, 2962 participants) than children in the control group.Teacher-rated general behaviour seemed to improve with methylphenidate (SMD -0.87, 95% CI -1.04 to -0.71; 5 trials, 668 participants; very low-quality evidence).A change of seven points on the Child Health Questionnaire (CHQ; range 0 to 100 points; Landgraf 1998) has been deemed a minimal clinically relevant difference. The change reported in a meta-analysis of three trials corresponds to a MD of 8.0 points (95% CI 5.49 to 10.46) on the CHQ, which suggests that methylphenidate may improve parent-reported quality of life (SMD 0.61, 95% CI 0.42 to 0.80; 3 trials, 514 participants; very low-quality evidence).

Authors' conclusions: The results of meta-analyses suggest that methylphenidate may improve teacher-reported ADHD symptoms, teacher-reported general behaviour, and parent-reported quality of life among children and adolescents diagnosed with ADHD. However, the low quality of the underpinning evidence means that we cannot be certain of the magnitude of the effects. Within the short follow-up periods typical of the included trials, there is some evidence that methylphenidate is associated with increased risk of non-serious adverse events, such as sleep problems and decreased appetite, but no evidence that it increases risk of serious adverse events.Better designed trials are needed to assess the benefits of methylphenidate. Given the frequency of non-serious adverse events associated with methylphenidate, the particular difficulties for blinding of participants and outcome assessors point to the advantage of large, 'nocebo tablet' controlled trials. These use a placebo-like substance that causes adverse events in the control arm that are comparable to those associated with methylphenidate. However, for ethical reasons, such trials should first be conducted with adults, who can give their informed consent.Future trials should publish depersonalised individual participant data and report all outcomes, including adverse events. This will enable researchers conducting systematic reviews to assess differences between intervention effects according to age, sex, comorbidity, type of ADHD and dose. Finally, the findings highlight the urgent need for large RCTs of non-pharmacological treatments.

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Conflict of interest statement

Ole Jakob Storebø ‐ none known. Erica Ramstad ‐ none known. Helle B. Krogh ‐ none known. Trine Danvad Nilausen ‐ none known. Maria Skoog ‐ none known. Mathilde Holmskov ‐ none known. Susanne Rosendal ‐ none known. Camilla Groth ‐ received funds from the Lundbeck Foundation to finance part of her Ph.D in the paediatric field on Tourette Syndrome. CG confirms that none of these funds were used to work on this review. Frederik Løgstrup Magnusson ‐ none known. Carlos R Moreira‐Maia ‐ receives financial research support from the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq). CRMM has served as speaker for Novartis, has developed educational materials for Novartis, has received travel awards from the Health Technology Assessment Institute (IATS) and the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), and has received travel and registration support to attend the 5th World Congress on ADHD from the World Federation of ADHD. Donna Gillies ‐ is an Editor with the Cochrane Developmental, Psychosocial and Learning Problems Group. Kirsten Buch Rasmussen ‐ none known. Dorothy Gauci ‐ none known. Morris Zwi ‐ sits on the Paediatric Medicines Expert Advisory Group at the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, which considers applications regarding licensing of paediatric medicines. Payment for MZ's attendance at this meeting goes to his National Health Service (NHS) organisation. Richard Kirubakaran ‐ is currently employed by Cochrane South Asia. His salary is funded by the Effective Healthcare Research Consortium (EHCRC) for the Department for International Development (DFID), UK. Bente Forsbøl ‐ none known. Erik Simonsen ‐ none known. Christian Gluud ‐ none known.

Figures

1
1
Flow chart.
2
2
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
3
3
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included trial.
4
4
Funnel plot of comparison: 1. Teacher‐rated ADHD symptoms, outcome: 1.8 All data at low and high risk of bias (parallel‐group and cross‐over trials).
5
5
Trial Sequential Analysis: serious adverse events.
6
6
Trial Sequential Analysis: non‐serious adverse events.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 Teacher‐rated ADHD symptoms, Outcome 1 All parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 Teacher‐rated ADHD symptoms, Outcome 2 Subgroup analysis: types of scales.
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 Teacher‐rated ADHD symptoms, Outcome 3 Medication status: medication naive versus not medication naive.
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 Teacher‐rated ADHD symptoms, Outcome 4 Subgroup analysis: duration of treatment.
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1 Teacher‐rated ADHD symptoms, Outcome 5 Subgroup analysis: dose.
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1 Teacher‐rated ADHD symptoms, Outcome 6 Subgroup analysis: parallel‐group trials compared with first‐period cross‐over trials.
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1 Teacher‐rated ADHD symptoms, Outcome 7 Subgroup analysis: trials with cohort selection bias of all participants compared with trials without cohort selection bias of all participants.
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1 Teacher‐rated ADHD symptoms, Outcome 8 ADHD symptoms, cross‐over trial (endpoint data).
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1 Teacher‐rated ADHD symptoms, Outcome 9 ADHD symptoms, cross‐over trials (endpoint data), subgroup analysis: dose.
1.10
1.10. Analysis
Comparison 1 Teacher‐rated ADHD symptoms, Outcome 10 Subgroup analysis: all parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials compared with cross‐over trials (endpoint data).
1.11
1.11. Analysis
Comparison 1 Teacher‐rated ADHD symptoms, Outcome 11 All parallel‐group trials and cross‐over trials: risk of bias.
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 Independent assessor‐rated ADHD symptoms, Outcome 1 All parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials.
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 Independent assessor‐rated ADHD symptoms, Outcome 2 Subgroup analysis: types of scales.
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2 Independent assessor‐rated ADHD symptoms, Outcome 3 Subgroup analysis: duration of treatment.
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2 Independent assessor‐rated ADHD symptoms, Outcome 4 Subgroup analysis: parallel‐group trials compared with first‐period cross‐over trials.
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2 Independent assessor‐rated ADHD symptoms, Outcome 5 Subgroup analysis: trials with cohort selection bias of all participants compared with trials without cohort selection bias of all participants.
2.6
2.6. Analysis
Comparison 2 Independent assessor‐rated ADHD symptoms, Outcome 6 Subgroup analysis: dose.
2.7
2.7. Analysis
Comparison 2 Independent assessor‐rated ADHD symptoms, Outcome 7 ADHD symptoms, cross‐over trials (endpoint data), subgroup analysis: risk of bias.
2.8
2.8. Analysis
Comparison 2 Independent assessor‐rated ADHD symptoms, Outcome 8 ADHD symptoms, cross‐over trials (endpoint data), subgroup analysis: dose.
2.9
2.9. Analysis
Comparison 2 Independent assessor‐rated ADHD symptoms, Outcome 9 Subgroup analysis: all parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials compared with cross‐over trials (endpoint data).
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3 Parent‐rated ADHD symptoms, Outcome 1 All parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials.
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3 Parent‐rated ADHD symptoms, Outcome 2 Subgroup analysis: types of scales.
3.3
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3 Parent‐rated ADHD symptoms, Outcome 3 Subgroup analysis: duration of treatment.
3.4
3.4. Analysis
Comparison 3 Parent‐rated ADHD symptoms, Outcome 4 Subgroup analysis: dose.
3.5
3.5. Analysis
Comparison 3 Parent‐rated ADHD symptoms, Outcome 5 Medication status: medication naive versus not medication naive.
3.6
3.6. Analysis
Comparison 3 Parent‐rated ADHD symptoms, Outcome 6 Subgroup analysis: trials with cohort selection bias of all participants compared with trials without cohort selection bias of all participants.
3.7
3.7. Analysis
Comparison 3 Parent‐rated ADHD symptoms, Outcome 7 Subgroup analysis: parallel‐group trials compared with first‐period cross‐over trials.
3.8
3.8. Analysis
Comparison 3 Parent‐rated ADHD symptoms, Outcome 8 ADHD symptoms, cross‐over trials (endpoint data).
3.9
3.9. Analysis
Comparison 3 Parent‐rated ADHD symptoms, Outcome 9 ADHD symptoms, cross‐over trials (endpoint data), subgroup analysis: dose.
3.10
3.10. Analysis
Comparison 3 Parent‐rated ADHD symptoms, Outcome 10 Subgroup analysis: all parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials compared with cross‐over trials (endpoint data).
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4 Additional subgroup analyses of ADHD symptoms: parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials, Outcome 1 Comparision of raters.
4.2
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4 Additional subgroup analyses of ADHD symptoms: parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials, Outcome 2 Age.
4.3
4.3. Analysis
Comparison 4 Additional subgroup analyses of ADHD symptoms: parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials, Outcome 3 Comorbidity versus no comorbidity.
4.4
4.4. Analysis
Comparison 4 Additional subgroup analyses of ADHD symptoms: parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials, Outcome 4 Subtypes ADHD: ADHD Rating Scale (parent‐, teacher‐ or independent assessor‐rated).
4.5
4.5. Analysis
Comparison 4 Additional subgroup analyses of ADHD symptoms: parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials, Outcome 5 Cross‐over trials: first‐period data versus endpoint data (parent‐, independent assessor‐ and teacher‐rated).
5.1
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5 Number of serious adverse events: parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials, Outcome 1 Number of serious adverse events (SAE).
5.2
5.2. Analysis
Comparison 5 Number of serious adverse events: parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials, Outcome 2 Nervous system.
5.3
5.3. Analysis
Comparison 5 Number of serious adverse events: parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials, Outcome 3 Digestive system: gastrointestinal disorders.
5.4
5.4. Analysis
Comparison 5 Number of serious adverse events: parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials, Outcome 4 Urinary system: kidney infection.
5.5
5.5. Analysis
Comparison 5 Number of serious adverse events: parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials, Outcome 5 Circulatory and respiratory systems: asthma.
5.6
5.6. Analysis
Comparison 5 Number of serious adverse events: parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials, Outcome 6 Immune system: cyst rupture.
5.7
5.7. Analysis
Comparison 5 Number of serious adverse events: parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials, Outcome 7 Other: drug toxicity.
6.1
6.1. Analysis
Comparison 6 Number of serious adverse events: cross‐over trials (endpoint data), Outcome 1 Number of serious adverse events (SAE).
6.2
6.2. Analysis
Comparison 6 Number of serious adverse events: cross‐over trials (endpoint data), Outcome 2 Hallucinations/psychosis.
7.1
7.1. Analysis
Comparison 7 Number of non‐serious adverse events: parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials, Outcome 1 Total number of non‐serious adverse events.
7.2
7.2. Analysis
Comparison 7 Number of non‐serious adverse events: parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials, Outcome 2 Subgroup analysis: total number of non‐serious adverse events according to dose.
7.3
7.3. Analysis
Comparison 7 Number of non‐serious adverse events: parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials, Outcome 3 Nervous system.
7.4
7.4. Analysis
Comparison 7 Number of non‐serious adverse events: parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials, Outcome 4 Digestive system.
7.5
7.5. Analysis
Comparison 7 Number of non‐serious adverse events: parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials, Outcome 5 Circulatory and respiratory systems.
7.6
7.6. Analysis
Comparison 7 Number of non‐serious adverse events: parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials, Outcome 6 Skeletal and muscular systems.
7.7
7.7. Analysis
Comparison 7 Number of non‐serious adverse events: parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials, Outcome 7 Immune system.
7.8
7.8. Analysis
Comparison 7 Number of non‐serious adverse events: parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials, Outcome 8 Height.
7.9
7.9. Analysis
Comparison 7 Number of non‐serious adverse events: parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials, Outcome 9 Weight.
7.10
7.10. Analysis
Comparison 7 Number of non‐serious adverse events: parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials, Outcome 10 BMI.
7.11
7.11. Analysis
Comparison 7 Number of non‐serious adverse events: parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials, Outcome 11 Vital signs.
7.12
7.12. Analysis
Comparison 7 Number of non‐serious adverse events: parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials, Outcome 12 Other.
8.1
8.1. Analysis
Comparison 8 Number of non‐serious adverse events: cross‐over trials (endpoint data), Outcome 1 Total number of non‐serious adverse events.
8.2
8.2. Analysis
Comparison 8 Number of non‐serious adverse events: cross‐over trials (endpoint data), Outcome 2 Subgroup analysis: total number of non‐serious adverse events according to dose.
8.3
8.3. Analysis
Comparison 8 Number of non‐serious adverse events: cross‐over trials (endpoint data), Outcome 3 Nervous system.
8.4
8.4. Analysis
Comparison 8 Number of non‐serious adverse events: cross‐over trials (endpoint data), Outcome 4 Digestive system.
8.5
8.5. Analysis
Comparison 8 Number of non‐serious adverse events: cross‐over trials (endpoint data), Outcome 5 Urinary system: urinary incontinence.
8.6
8.6. Analysis
Comparison 8 Number of non‐serious adverse events: cross‐over trials (endpoint data), Outcome 6 Skeletal and muscular system: somatic complaints.
8.7
8.7. Analysis
Comparison 8 Number of non‐serious adverse events: cross‐over trials (endpoint data), Outcome 7 Immune system.
8.8
8.8. Analysis
Comparison 8 Number of non‐serious adverse events: cross‐over trials (endpoint data), Outcome 8 Skin.
8.9
8.9. Analysis
Comparison 8 Number of non‐serious adverse events: cross‐over trials (endpoint data), Outcome 9 Vital signs.
8.10
8.10. Analysis
Comparison 8 Number of non‐serious adverse events: cross‐over trials (endpoint data), Outcome 10 Height (cm).
8.11
8.11. Analysis
Comparison 8 Number of non‐serious adverse events: cross‐over trials (endpoint data), Outcome 11 Weight.
9.1
9.1. Analysis
Comparison 9 Teacher‐rated general behaviour, Outcome 1 All parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials: risk of bias.
9.2
9.2. Analysis
Comparison 9 Teacher‐rated general behaviour, Outcome 2 Subgroup analysis: types of scales.
9.3
9.3. Analysis
Comparison 9 Teacher‐rated general behaviour, Outcome 3 Subgroup analysis: dose.
9.4
9.4. Analysis
Comparison 9 Teacher‐rated general behaviour, Outcome 4 Subgroup analysis: duration of treatment.
9.5
9.5. Analysis
Comparison 9 Teacher‐rated general behaviour, Outcome 5 Subgroup analysis: parallel‐group trials versus first‐period cross‐over trials.
9.6
9.6. Analysis
Comparison 9 Teacher‐rated general behaviour, Outcome 6 General behaviour, cross‐over trials (endpoint data).
9.7
9.7. Analysis
Comparison 9 Teacher‐rated general behaviour, Outcome 7 Subgroup analysis: general behaviour, cross‐over trials (endpoint data): risk of bias.
9.8
9.8. Analysis
Comparison 9 Teacher‐rated general behaviour, Outcome 8 Subgroup analysis: all parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials (teacher‐rated) versus cross‐over trials (endpoint data).
10.1
10.1. Analysis
Comparison 10 Independent assessor‐rated general behaviour, Outcome 1 General behaviour, cross‐over trials (endpoint data).
10.2
10.2. Analysis
Comparison 10 Independent assessor‐rated general behaviour, Outcome 2 Subgroup analysis: general behaviour, cross‐over trials (endpoint data): risk of bias.
10.3
10.3. Analysis
Comparison 10 Independent assessor‐rated general behaviour, Outcome 3 Subgroup analysis: all parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials (independent assessor‐rated) compared with cross‐over trials (endpoint data).
11.1
11.1. Analysis
Comparison 11 Parent‐rated general behaviour, Outcome 1 All parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials.
11.2
11.2. Analysis
Comparison 11 Parent‐rated general behaviour, Outcome 2 Subgroup analysis: risk of bias.
11.3
11.3. Analysis
Comparison 11 Parent‐rated general behaviour, Outcome 3 Subgroup analysis: types of scales.
11.4
11.4. Analysis
Comparison 11 Parent‐rated general behaviour, Outcome 4 Subgroup analysis: parallel‐group trials compared with first‐period cross‐over trials.
11.5
11.5. Analysis
Comparison 11 Parent‐rated general behaviour, Outcome 5 Subgroup analysis: duration of treatment.
11.6
11.6. Analysis
Comparison 11 Parent‐rated general behaviour, Outcome 6 Subgroup analysis: dose.
11.7
11.7. Analysis
Comparison 11 Parent‐rated general behaviour, Outcome 7 General behaviour, cross‐over trials (endpoint data).
11.8
11.8. Analysis
Comparison 11 Parent‐rated general behaviour, Outcome 8 Subgroup analysis: general behaviour, cross‐over trials (endpoint data): risk of bias.
11.9
11.9. Analysis
Comparison 11 Parent‐rated general behaviour, Outcome 9 Subgroup analysis: all parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials (parent‐rated) compared with cross‐over trials (endpoint data).
12.1
12.1. Analysis
Comparison 12 Additional subgroup analyses of general behaviour: parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials, Outcome 1 Comparisions of raters.
12.2
12.2. Analysis
Comparison 12 Additional subgroup analyses of general behaviour: parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials, Outcome 2 Comorbidity versus no comorbidity.
12.3
12.3. Analysis
Comparison 12 Additional subgroup analyses of general behaviour: parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials, Outcome 3 Cross‐over trials: first‐period data versus endpoint data (teacher‐, parent‐, and independent assessor‐rated).
13.1
13.1. Analysis
Comparison 13 Quality of life: parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials, Outcome 1 Subgroup analysis: types of scales.
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Comment in

References

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Brown 1984a {published data only}
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Chronis 2003 {published data only}
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    1. Coghill D, Banaschewski T, Lecendreux M, Soutollu C, Johnson M, Zuddas A, et al. The first European studies of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate in children and adolescents with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. Abstracts of the 15th International Congress of ESCAP ‐ European Society for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; 2013 July 6‐10, Dublin, Ireland 2013;22(2 Suppl):S125.
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Connor 2000 {published data only}
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    1. Corkum P, Panton R, Ironside S, Macpherson M, Williams T. Acute impact of immediate release methylphenidate administered three times a day on sleep in children with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Pediatric Psychology 2008;33(4):368‐79. - PubMed
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    1. Cox DJ, Merkel RL, Moore M, Thorndike F, Muller C, Kovatchev B. Relative benefits of stimulant therapy with OROS methylphenidate versus mixed amphetamine salts extended release in improving the driving performance of adolescent drivers with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics 2006;118(3):e704‐10. - PubMed
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Douglas 1986 {published data only}
    1. Douglas VI, Barr RG, O'Neill ME, Britton BG. Short term effects of methylphenidate on the cognitive, learning and academic performance of children with attention deficit disorder in the laboratory and the classroom. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines 1986;27(2):191‐211. - PubMed
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Duric 2012 {published data only}
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Flapper 2008 {published data only}
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    1. Gadow KD, Nolan E, Sprafkin J, Sverd J. School observations of children with attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder and comorbid tic disorder: effects of methylphenidate treatment. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics 1995;16(3):167‐76. - PubMed
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Grizenko 2012 {published data only}
    1. Fortier ME, Sengupta SM, Grizenko N, Choudhry Z, Thakur G, Joober R. Genetic evidence for the association of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis with ADHD and methylphenidate treatment response. Neuromolecular Medicine 2013;15(1):122‐32. - PubMed
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Gruber 2007 {published data only}
    1. Gruber R, Grizenko N, Schwartz G, Bellingham J, Guzman R, Joober R. Performance on the continuous performance test in children with ADHD is associated with sleep efficiency. Sleep 2007;30(8):1003‐9. - PMC - PubMed
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Hale 2011 {published data only}
    1. Hale JB, Reddy LA, Semrud‐Clikeman M, Hain LA, Whitaker J, Morley J, et al. Executive impairment determines ADHD medication response: implications for academic achievement. Journal of Learning Disabilities 2011;44(2):196‐212. - PubMed
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Heriot 2008 {published data only}
    1. Heriot SA, Evans IM, Foster TM. Critical influences affecting response to various treatments in young children with ADHD: a case series. Child: Care, Health and Development 2008;34(1):121‐33. - PubMed
Hicks 1985 {published data only}
    1. Gualtieri CT, Hicks RE, Mayo JP, Schroeder SR. The persistence of stimulant effects in chronically treated children: further evidence of an inverse relationship between drug effects and placebo levels of response. Psychopharmacology 1984;83(1):44‐7. - PubMed
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Hoeppner 1997 {published data only}
    1. Hoeppner JA, Hale JB, Bradley AM, Byrnes M, Coury DL, Lennie L, et al. A clinical protocol for determining methylphenidate dosage levels in ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders 1997;2(1):19‐30.
Horn 1991 {published data only}
    1. Horn WF, Ialongo NS, Pascoe JM, Greenberg G, Packard T, Lopez M, et al. Additive effects of psychostimulants, parent training, and self‐control therapy with ADHD children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1991;30(2):233‐40. - PubMed
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Ialongo 1994 {published data only}
    1. Ialongo NS, Lopez M, Horn WF, Pascoe JM, Greenberg G. Effects of psychostimulant medication on self‐perceptions of competence, control, and mood in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology 1994;23(2):161‐73.
Jacobi‐Polishook 2009 {published data only}
    1. Jacobi‐Polishook T, Shorer Z, Melzer I. The effect of methylphenidate on postural stability under single and dual task conditions in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ‐ a double blind randomized control trial. Journal of the Neurological Sciences 2009;280(1‐2):15‐21. - PubMed
Jensen 1999 (MTA) {published data only}
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    1. Arnold LE, Abikoff HB, Cantwell DP, Conners CK, Elliott GR, Greenhill LL, et al. NIMH Collaborative Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with ADHD (MTA): design, methodology, and protocol evolution. Journal of Attention Disorders 1997;2(3):141‐58.
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Johnston 1988 {published data only}
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Kaplan 1990 {published data only}
    1. Kaplan SL, Busner J, Kupietz S, Wassermann E, Segal B. Effects of methylphenidate on adolescents with aggressive conduct disorder and ADDH: a preliminary report. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1990;29(5):719‐23. - PubMed
Kelly 1989 {published data only}
    1. Kelly PC, Cohen ML, Walker WO, Caskey OL, Atkinson AW. Self‐esteem in children medically managed for attention deficit disorder. Pediatrics 1989;83(2):211‐7. - PubMed
Kent 1995 {published data only}
    1. Kent JD, Blader JC, Koplewicz HS, Abikoff H, Foley CA. Effects of late‐afternoon methylphenidate administration on behavior and sleep in attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics 1995;96(2):320‐5. - PubMed
Kent 1999 {published data only}
    1. Kent MA, Camfield CS, Camfield PR. Double‐blind methylphenidate trials: practical, useful, and highly endorsed by families. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 1999;153(12):1292‐6. - PubMed
Klorman 1990 {published data only}
    1. Klorman R, Brumaghim JT, Fitzpatrick PA, Borgstedt AD. Clinical effects of a controlled trial of methylphenidate on adolescents with attention deficit disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1990;29(5):702‐9. - PubMed
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Kolko 1999 {published data only}
    1. Kolko DJ, Bukstein OG, Barron J. Methylphenidate and behavior modification in children with ADHD and comorbid ODD or CD: main and incremental effects across settings. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1999;38(5):578‐86. - PubMed
Kollins 2006 (PATS) {published data only}
    1. At a glance... study design sought to balance rigor, subject safety. The Brown University Child & Adolescent Psychopharmacology Update 2006; Vol. 8, issue 12:4‐5.
    1. MPH‐related reductions in growth rates. The Brown University Child & Adolescent Psychopharmacology Update 2006; Vol. 8, issue 12:6.
    1. PATS shows mixed effect of medication on functional outcomes. The Brown University Child & Adolescent Psychopharmacology Update 2008; Vol. 10, issue 2:6.
    1. PATS: efficacy of MPH in ADHD preschoolers. The Brown University Child & Adolescent Psychopharmacology Update 2006; Vol. 8, issue 12:5‐6.
    1. PATS: safety and tolerability of MPH in ADHD preschoolers. The Brown University Child & Adolescent Psychopharmacology Update 2006; Vol. 8, issue 12:2‐4.
Konrad 2004 {published data only}
    1. Konrad K, Günther T, Hanisch C, Herpertz‐Dahlmann B. Differential effects of methylphenidate on attentional functions in children with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2004;43(2):191‐8. - PubMed
Konrad 2005 {published data only}
    1. Konrad K, Günther T, Heinzel‐Gutenbrunner M, Herpertz‐Dahlmann B. Clinical evaluation of subjective and objective changes in motor activity and attention in children with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder in a double‐blind methylphenidate trial. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 2005;15(2):180‐90. - PubMed
Leddy 2009 {published data only}
    1. Leddy JJ, Waxmonsky JG, Salis RJ, Paluch RA, Gnagy EM, Mahaney P, et al. Dopamine‐related genotypes and the dose‐response effect of methylphenidate on eating in attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder youths. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 2009;19(2):127‐36. - PubMed
Lehmkuhl 2002 {published data only}
    1. Döpfner M, Banaschewski T, Schmidt J, Uebel H, Schmeck K, Gerber WD, et al. Long‐acting methylphenidate preparation in children with ADHD ‐ a multicenter study [Langzeitwirksames methylphenidat bei kindern mit aufmerksamkeitsdefizit‐hyperaktivitätsstörungen: eine multizentrische studie]. Nervenheilkunde: Zeitschrift fur interdisziplinaere Fortbildung 2003;22(2):85‐92.
    1. Lehmkuhl G. Placebo‐controlled, double‐blind multicenter trial on the efficacy of sustained‐release methylphenidate in children suffering from attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Phase III. Integrated Final Report. Institut für medizinische Informatik, Biometrie und Epidemiologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Trial no 6520‐9979‐02, 1‐9 2002.
    1. Sinzig J, Döpfner M, Lehmkuhl G, Uebel H, Schmeck K, Poustka F, et al. Long‐acting methylphenidate has an effect on aggressive behavior in children with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 2007;17(4):421‐32. - PubMed
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Lijffijt 2006 {published data only}
    1. Lijffijt M, Kenemans JL, Ter Wal A, Quik EH, Kemner C, Westenberg H, et al. Dose‐related effect of methylphenidate on stopping and changing in children with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder. European Psychiatry 2006;21(8):544‐7. - PubMed
Lin 2014 {published data only}
    1. Lin DY, Kratochvil CJ, Xu W, Jin L, D'Souza DN, Kielbasa W, et al. A randomized trial of edivoxetine in pediatric patients with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 2014;24(4):190‐200. - PMC - PubMed
Lopez 2003 {published data only}
    1. Lopez F, Silva R, Pestreich L, Muniz R. Comparative efficacy of two once daily methylphenidate formulations (Ritalin® LA™1 and Concerta®) and placebo in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder across the school day. Paediatric Drugs 2003;5(8):545‐55. - PubMed
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Lufi 1997 {published data only}
    1. Lufi D, Parish‐Plass J, Gai E. The effect of methylphenidate on the cognitive and personality functioning of ADHD children. Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences 1997;34(3):200‐9. - PubMed
Lufi 2007 {published data only}
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Manos 1999 {published data only}
    1. Faraone SV, Short EJ, Biederman J, Findling RL, Roe C, Manos MJ. Efficacy of Adderall and methylphenidate in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a drug‐placebo and drug‐drug response curve analysis of a naturalistic study. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 2002;5(2):121‐9. - PubMed
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Martins 2004 {published data only}
    1. Martins S, Tramontina S, Polanczyk G, Eizirik M, Swanson JM, Rohde LA. Weekend holidays during methylphenidate use in ADHD children: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 2004;14(2):195‐206. - PubMed
McBride 1988a {published data only}
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    1. McGough JJ, Wigal SB, Abikoff H, Turnbow JM, Posner K, Moon E. A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, laboratory classroom assessment of methylphenidate transdermal system in children with ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders 2006;9(3):476‐85. - PubMed
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McInnes 2007 {published data only}
    1. McInnes A, Bedard A‐C, Hogg‐Johnson S, Tannock R. Preliminary evidence of beneficial effects of methylphenidate on listening comprehension in children with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 2007;17(1):35‐49. - PubMed
Moshe 2012 {published data only}
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Muniz 2008 {published data only}
    1. Muniz R, Brams M, Mao A, McCague K, Pestreich L, Silva R. Efficacy and safety of extended‐release dexmethylphenidate compared with d,l‐methylphenidate and placebo in the treatment of children with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a 12‐hour laboratory classroom study. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 2008;18(3):248‐56. - PubMed
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    1. Murray DW, Childress A, Giblin J, Williamson D, Armstrong R, Starr HL. Effects of OROS methylphenidate on academic, behavioral, and cognitive tasks in children 9 to 12 years of age with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Clinical Pediatrics 2011;50(4):308‐20. - PubMed
Musten 1997 {published data only}
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    1. Newcorn JH, Kratochvil CJ, Allen AJ, Casat CD, Ruff DD, Moore RJ, et al. Atomoxetine and osmotically released methylphenidate for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: acute comparison and differential response. American Journal of Psychiatry 2008;165(6):721‐30. - PubMed
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Oesterheld 1998 {published data only}
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Overtoom 2003 {published data only}
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Palumbo 2008 {published data only}
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Pearson 2013 {published data only}
    1. Methylphenidate dosing improved behavior in children with ASD. The Brown University Child & Adolescent Psychopharmacology Update 2013; Vol. 15, issue 8:4‐5.
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Pelham 1989 {published data only}
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Pelham 1990a {published data only}
    1. Pelham Jr WE, Greenslade KE, Vodde‐Hamilton M, Murphy DA, Greenstein JJ, Gnagy EM, et al. Relative efficacy of long‐acting stimulants on children with attention deficit‐hyperactivity disorder: a comparison of standard methylphenidate, sustained‐release methylphenidate, sustained‐release dextroamphetamine, and pemoline. Pediatrics 1990;86(2):226‐37. - PubMed
Pelham 1993a {published data only}
    1. Pelham J, Carlson C, Sams SE, Vallano G, Dixon MJ, Hoza B, et al. Separate and combined effects of methylphenidate and behavior modification on boys with attention deficit‐hyperactivity disorder in the classroom. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1993;61(3):506‐15. - PubMed
Pelham 1999 {published data only}
    1. Pelham WE, Aronoff HR, Midlam JK, Shapiro CJ, Gnagy EM, Chronis AM, et al. A comparison of Ritalin and Adderall: efficacy and time‐course in children with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics 1999;103(4):e43. - PubMed
Pelham 2001a {published data only}
    1. Pelham WE, Gnagy EM, Burrows‐Maclean L, Williams A, Fabiano GA, Morrisey SM, et al. Once‐a‐day Concerta methylphenidate versus three‐times‐daily methylphenidate in laboratory and natural settings. Pediatrics 2001;107(6):E105. - PubMed
Pelham 2002 {published data only}
    1. Pelham WE, Hoza B, Pillow DR, Gnagy EM, Kipp HL, Greiner AR, et al. Effects of methylphenidate and expectancy on children with ADHD: behavior, academic performance, and attributions in a summer treatment program and regular classroom settings. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2002;70(2):320‐35. - PubMed
Pelham 2005 {published data only}
    1. Chacko A, Pelham WE, Gnagy EM, Greiner A, Vallano G, Bukstein O, et al. Stimulant medication effects in a summer treatment program among young children with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2005;44(3):249‐57. - PubMed
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Pelham 2011 {published data only}
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Pliszka 1990 {published data only}
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Pliszka 2007 {published data only}
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Quinn 2004 {published data only}
    1. Quinn D, Wigal S, Swanson J, Hirsch S, Ottolini Y, Dariani M, et al. Comparative pharmacodynamics and plasma concentrations of d‐threo‐methylphenidate hydrochloride after single doses of d‐threo‐methylphenidate hydrochloride and d,l‐threo‐methylphenidate hydrochloride in a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, crossover laboratory school study in children with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2004;43(11):1422‐9. - PubMed
Ramtvedt 2013 {published data only}
    1. Ramtvedt BE, Aabech HS, Sundet K. Minimizing adverse events while maintaining clinical improvement in a pediatric attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder crossover trial with dextroamphetamine and methylphenidate. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 2014;24(3):130‐9. - PMC - PubMed
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Rapport 1987 {published data only}
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Samuels 2006 {published data only}
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Smith 1998 {published data only}
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Swanson 2004b {published data only}
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    1. Wigal SB, Sanchez DY, DeCory HH, D'Imperio JM, Swanson JM. Selection of the optimal dose ratio for a controlled‐delivery formulation of methylphenidate. Journal of Applied Research 2003;3(1):46‐63.
Wigal 2004 {published data only}
    1. Wigal S, Swanson JM, Feifel D, Sangal RB, Elia J, Casat CD, et al. A double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial of dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride and d,l‐threo‐methylphenidate hydrochloride in children with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2004;43(11):1406‐14. - PubMed
Wigal 2013 {published data only}
    1. Liquid version of methylphenidate shows efficacy in school trial. The Brown University Child & Adolescent Psychopharmacology Update 2013; Vol. 15, issue 3:1‐3.
    1. Wigal SB, Childress AC, Belden HW, Berry SA. NWP06, an extended‐release oral suspension of methylphenidate, improved attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms compared with placebo in a laboratory classroom study. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 2013;23(1):3‐10. - PMC - PubMed
Wigal 2014 {published data only}
    1. Wigal SB, Greenhill LL, Nordbrock E, Connor DF, Kollins SH, Adjei A, et al. A randomized placebo‐controlled double‐blind study evaluating the time course of response to methylphenidate hydrochloride extended‐release capsules in children with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 2014;24(10):562‐9. - PMC - PubMed
Wilens 2006b {published data only}
    1. Oral system methylphenidate for teen ADHD. The Brown University Child & Adolescent Psychopharmacology Update 2006; Vol. 8, issue 3:4‐5.
    1. Biederman J. P.6.053 Effectiveness and safety of the once‐daily OROS formulation of methylphenidate in adolescents with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder. European Neuropsychopharmacology 2003;13(Suppl 4):S448.
    1. Greenhill LL. Safety and efficacy of OROS MPH in adolescents with ADHD. Proceedings of the 156th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association; 2003 May 17‐22; San Francisco, CA. San Francisco, 2003:16.
    1. McGough JJ, McBurnett K, Bukstein O, Wilens TE, Greenhill L, Lerner M, et al. Once‐daily OROS methylphenidate is safe and well tolerated in adolescents with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 2006;16(3):351‐6. - PubMed
    1. Newcorn JH, Stein MA, Cooper KM. Dose‐response characteristics in adolescents with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder treated with OROS methylphenidate in a 4‐week, open‐label, dose‐titration study. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 2010;20(3):187‐96. - PubMed
Wilens 2008 {published data only}
    1. López FA, Landgraf JM, Wilens TE. Quality of life and parent satisfaction with the methylphenidate transdermal system. European Neuropsychopharmacology. Papers of the 21st ECNP Congress; 2008 August 30 ‐ September 3; Barcelona, Spain. 2008; Vol. Suppl 4:S562.
    1. López FA, Wilens TE, Wigal SB, Turnbow JM. Effects of variable wear times on transdermal methylphenidate in attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder. European Neuropsychopharmacology. Papers of the 21st ECNP Congress; 2008 August 30 ‐ September 3; Barcelona, Spain. 2008; Vol. 18:S561‐2.
    1. Manos M, Frazier TW, Landgraf JM, Weiss M, Hodgkins P. HRQL and medication satisfaction in children with ADHD treated with the methylphenidate transdermal system. Current Medical Research and Opinion 2009;25(12):3001‐10. - PubMed
    1. Wilens TE, Boellner SW, López FA, Turnbow JM, Wigal SB, Childress AC, et al. Varying the wear time of the methylphenidate transdermal system in children with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2008;47(6):700‐8. - PubMed
Wilens 2010 {published data only}
    1. Wilens T, Hammerness P, Utzinger L, Georgiopoulos A, Doyle R, Brodziak K, et al. Before‐school ADHD symptoms and functioning in youth treated with the Methylphenidate Transdermal Patch (MTS). Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. Abstracts of the 49th Annual National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) New Clinical Drug Evaluation Unit (NCDEU) Meeting; 2009; June 29 ‐ July 2; Hollywood, Florida. 2009; Vol. 19, issue 6:785‐6.
    1. Wilens TE, Hammerness P, Martelon MK, Brodziak K, Utzinger L, Wong P. A controlled trial of the methylphenidate transdermal system on before‐school functioning in children with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2010;71(5):548‐56. - PubMed
Wilkison 1995 {published data only}
    1. Wilkison PC, Kircher JC, McMahon WM, Sloane HN. Effects of methylphenidate on reward strength in boys with attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1995;34(7):897‐901. - PubMed
Wodrich 1998 {published data only}
    1. Wodrich DL, Kush JC. The effect of methylphenidate on teachers' behavioral ratings in specific school situations. Psychology in the Schools 1998;35(1):81‐8.
Wolraich 2001 {published data only}
    1. Greenhill LL. Efficacy and safety of once‐daily methylphenidate HCl, standard methylphenidate and placebo in children with ADHD. Proceedings of the 153rd Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association; 2000 May 13‐18; Chicago, Illinois. Chicago, 2000:NR. 667.
    1. Greenhill LL. Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of Concerta (Methylphenidate HCI) extended‐release tablets, Ritalin, and placebo in children with ADHD. Neurology 2000;54(7):A420‐1. [WOS: 000086557801120]
    1. Swanson J, Greenhill L, Pelham W, Wilens T, Wolraich M, Abikoff H, et al. Initiating Concerta (TM) (OROS methylphenidate HCl) qd in children with attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Clinical Research 2000;3:59‐76.
    1. Wolraich ML. [Efficacy and safety of OROS(R) methylphenidate HCl (MPH) extended‐release tablets (CONCERTA (TM)), conventional MPH, and placebo in children with ADHD]. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology. Proceedings of the XXIIst CINP Congress; 2000 July 9‐13; Brussels, Belgium. 2000; Vol. 3 Suppl 1:S329.
    1. Wolraich ML. Efficacy and safety of OROS methylphenidate HCI (MPH) extended‐release tablets (Concerta TM), conventional MPH, and placebo in children with ADHD. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology. XXIIst CINP Congress 2000;3(Suppl S1):329.
Zeiner 1999 {published data only}
    1. Zeiner P. Body growth and cardiovascular function after extended treatment (1.75 years) with methylphenidate in boys with attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 1995;5(2):129‐38.
    1. Zeiner P. Do the beneficial effects of extended methylphenidate treatment in boys with attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder dissipate rapidly during placebo treatment?. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry 1999;53(1):55‐60.
    1. Zeiner P, Bryhn G, Bjercke C, Truyen K, Strand G. Response to methylphenidate in boys with attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder. Acta Paediatrica 1999;88(3):298‐303. - PubMed
Zeni 2009 {published data only}
    1. Zeni CP, Tramontina S, Ketzer CR, Pheula GF, Rohde LA. Methylphenidate combined with aripiprazole in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder and attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a randomized crossover trial. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 2009;19(5):553‐61. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

An 2013 {published data only}
    1. An L, Cao X‐H, Cao Q‐J, Sun L, Yang L, Zou Q‐H, et al. Methylphenidate normalizes resting‐state brain dysfunction in boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013;38(7):1287‐95. - PMC - PubMed
Anderson 2002 {published data only}
    1. Anderson CM, Polcari A, Lowen SB, Renshaw PF, Teicher MH. Effects of methylphenidate on functional magnetic resonance relaxometry of the cerebellar vermis in boys with ADHD. American Journal of Psychiatry 2002;159(8):1322‐8. - PubMed
Barkley 1988a {published data only}
    1. Barkley RA, Fischer M, Newby RF, Breen MJ. Development of a multimethod clinical protocol for assessing stimulant drug response in children with attention deficit disorder. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology 1988;17(1):14‐24.
Barkley 1997 {published data only}
    1. Barkley RA, Koplowitz S, Anderson T, McMurray MB. Sense of time in children with ADHD: effects of duration, distraction, and stimulant medication. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 1997;3(4):359‐69. - PubMed
Bart 2013 {published data only}
    1. Bart O, Daniel L, Dan O, Bar‐Haim Y. Influence of methylphenidate on motor performance and attention in children with developmental coordination disorder and attention deficit hyperactive disorder. Research in Developmental Disabilities 2013;34(6):1922‐7. [PUBMED: 23584172] - PubMed
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Bedard 2002 {published data only}
    1. Bedard A‐C, Ickowicz A, Tannock R. Methylphenidate improves Stroop naming speed, but not response interference, in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 2002;12(4):301‐9. - PubMed
Bedard 2003 {published data only}
    1. Bedard A‐C, Ickowicz A, Logan GD, Hogg‐Johnson S, Schachar R, Tannock R. Selective inhibition in children with attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder off and on stimulant medication. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 2003;31(3):315‐27. - PubMed
Bedard 2004 {published data only}
    1. Bedard A‐C, Martinussen R, Ickowicz A, Tannock R. Methylphenidate improves visual‐spatial memory in children with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2004;43(3):260‐8. - PubMed
Bedard 2007 {published data only}
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Beery 1994 {published data only}
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Ben‐Pazi 2006 {published data only}
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Bental 2008 {published data only}
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Brown 1984b {published data only}
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Buhrmester 1992 {published data only}
    1. Buhrmester D, Whalen CK, Henker B, MacDonald V, Hinshaw SP. Prosocial behavior in hyperactive boys: effects of stimulant medication and comparison with normal boys. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 1992;20(1):103‐21. - PubMed
Campbell 1996 {published data only}
    1. Campbell L, Malone MA, Kershner JR, Roberts W, Humphries T, Logan WJ. Methylphenidate slows right hemisphere processing in children with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 1996;6(4):229‐39. - PubMed
Carlson 1991 {published data only}
    1. Carlson CL, Pelham WE Jr, Swanson JM, Wagner JL. A divided attention analysis of the effects of methylphenidate on the arithmetic performance of children with attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines 1991;32(3):463‐71. - PubMed
Carlson 1992 {published data only}
    1. Carlson CL, Pelham WE Jr, Milich R, Dixon J. Single and combined effects of methylphenidate and behavior therapy on the classroom performance of children with attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 1992;20(2):213‐32. - PubMed
Cox 2004b {published data only}
    1. Cox DJ, Humphrey JW, Merkel RL, Penberthy JK, Kovatchev B. Controlled‐release methylphenidate improves attention during on‐road driving by adolescents with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine 2004;17(4):235‐9. [DOI: 10.3122/jabfm.17.4.235] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Cox DJ, Merkel RL, Penberthy JK, Kovatchev B, Hankin CS. Impact of methylphenidate delivery profiles on driving performance of adolescents with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a pilot study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2004;43(3):269‐75. - PubMed
Dawson 1998 {published data only}
    1. Dawson NL. Effects of methylphenidate on neuropsychological functions myelomeningocele. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. US: Illinois Inst of Technology, 1998, issue 12‐B:6805.
De Sonneville 1991 {published data only}
    1. Sonneville LM, Njiokiktjien C, Hilhorst RC. Methylphenidate‐induced changes in ADDH information processors. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines 1991;32(2):285‐95. - PubMed
DeVito 2008 {published data only}
    1. DeVito EE, Blackwell AD, Clark L, Kent L, Dezsery AM, Turner DC, et al. Methylphenidate improves response inhibition but not reflection‐impulsivity in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Psychopharmacology 2009;202(1‐3):531‐9. [PUBMED: 18818905] - PMC - PubMed
    1. DeVito EE, Blackwell AD, Kent L, Ersche KD, Clark L, Salmond CH, et al. The effects of methylphenidate on decision making in attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biological Psychiatry 2008;64(7):636‐9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.04.017] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. DeVito EE, Sahakian BJ. Response to comments on 'Methylphenidate improves response inhibition but not reflection impulsivity in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)'. Psychopharmacology 2009;203(1):187. [DOI: 10.1007/s00213-008-1383-5] - DOI - PubMed
Evans 1986 {published data only}
    1. Evans RW, Gualtieri CT, Amara I. Methylphenidate and memory: dissociated effects in hyperactive children. Psychopharmacology 1986;90(2):211‐6. - PubMed
Fox 2014 {published data only}
    1. Fox O, Adi‐Japha E, Karni A. The effect of a skipped dose (placebo) of methylphenidate on the learning and retention of a motor skill in adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. European Neuropsychopharmacology 2014;24(3):391‐6. - PubMed
Francis 2001 {published data only}
    1. Francis S, Fine J, Tannock R. Methylphenidate selectively improves story retelling in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 2001;11(3):217‐28. - PubMed
Gan 1982 {published data only}
    1. Gan J, Cantwell DP. Dosage effects of methylphenidate on paired associate learning: positive/negative placebo responders. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry 1982;21(3):237‐42. - PubMed
Granger 1996 {published data only}
    1. Granger DA, Whalen CK, Henker B, Cantwell C. ADHD boys' behavior during structured classroom social activities: effects of social demands, teacher proximity, and methylphenidate. Journal of Attention Disorders 1996;1(1):16‐30.
Grizenko 2010 {published data only}
    1. Grizenko N, Paci M, Joober R. Is the inattentive subtype of ADHD different from the combined/hyperactive subtype?. Journal of Attention Disorders 2010;13(6):649‐57. - PubMed
Günther 2010 {published data only}
    1. Günther T, Herpertz‐Dahlmann B, Konrad K. Sex differences in attentional performance and their modulation by methylphenidate in children with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 2010;20(3):179‐86. - PubMed
Halliday 1983 {published data only}
    1. Halliday R, Callaway E, Naylor H. Visual evoked potential changes induced by methylphenidate in hyperactive children: dose/response effects. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 1983;55(3):258‐67. - PubMed
Hanisch 2004 {published data only}
    1. Hanisch C, Konrad K, Günther T, Herpertz‐Dahlmann B. Age‐dependent neuropsychological deficits and effects of methylphenidate in children with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a comparison of pre‐ and grade‐school children. Journal of Neural Transmission 2004;111(7):865‐81. - PubMed
Hazel‐Fernandez 2006 {published data only}
    1. Hazel‐Fernandez LA, Klorman R, Wallace JM, Cook S. Methylphenidate improves aspects of executive function in African American children with ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders 2006;9(4):582‐9. - PubMed
Hinshaw 1989 {published data only}
    1. Hinshaw SP, Buhrmester D, Heller T. Anger control in response to verbal provocation: effects of stimulant medication for boys with ADHD. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 1989;17(4):393‐407. [PUBMED: 2677081] - PubMed
    1. Hinshaw SP, Henker B, Whalen CK, Erhardt D, Dunnington RE. Aggressive, prosocial, and nonsocial behavior in hyperactive boys: dose effects of methylphenidate in naturalistic settings. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1989;57(5):636‐43. [DOI: 10.1037/0022-006X.57.5.636] - DOI - PubMed
Hinshaw 1993 {published data only}
    1. Hinshaw SP, Heller T, McHale JP. Covert antisocial behavior in boys with attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder: external validation and effects of methylphenidate. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1992;60(2):274‐81. - PubMed
Humphries 1979 {published data only}
    1. Humphries T, Swanson J, Kinsbourne M, Yiu L. Stimulant effects on persistence of motor performance of hyperactive children. Journal of Pediatric Psychology 1979;4(1):55‐66.
King 2009a {published data only}
    1. King S, Waschbusch DA, Pelham WE, Frankland BW, Corkum PV, Jacques S. Subtypes of aggression in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: medication effects and comparison with typical children. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology 2009;38(5):619‐29. - PubMed
King 2009b {published data only}
    1. King S, Waschbusch DA, Pelham WE Jr, Frankland BW, Andrade BF, Jacques S, et al. Social information processing in elementary‐school aged children with ADHD: medication effects and comparisons with typical children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 2009;37(4):579‐89. - PubMed
Lange 2007 {published data only}
    1. Lange KW, Tucha LT, Walitza S, Sontag TA, Stasik D, Linder M, et al. Effects of methylphenidate on multiple components of attention in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Neural Transmission. Abstracts of the 39th International Danube Symposium for Neurological Sciences and Continuing Education and 1st International Congress on ADHD, from Childhood to Adult Disease; 2007 June 2‐5; Wurzburg, Germany. 2007; Vol. 114 (7):LXXV.
Leitner 2007b {published data only}
    1. Leitner Y, Barak R, Giladi N, Peretz C, Eshel R, Gruendlinger L, et al. Gait in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: effects of methylphenidate and dual tasking. Journal of Neurology 2007;254(10):1330‐8. [PUBMED: 17401735] - PubMed
    1. Leitner Y, Doniger GM, Barak R, Simon ES, Hausdorff JM. A novel multidomain computerized cognitive assessment for attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder: evidence for widespread and circumscribed cognitive deficits. Journal of Child Neurology 2007;22(3):264‐76. [PUBMED: 17621495 ] - PubMed
Malone 1988 {published data only}
    1. Malone MA, Kershner JR, Siegel L. The effects of methylphenidate on levels of processing and laterality in children with attention deficit disorder. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 1988;16(4):379‐95. - PubMed
Malone 1993 {published data only}
    1. Malone MA, Swanson JM. Effects of methylphenidate on impulsive responding in children with attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child Neurology 1993;8(2):157‐63. - PubMed
Malone 1994 {published data only}
    1. Malone MA, Couitis J, Kershner JR, Logan WJ. Right hemisphere dysfunction and methylphenidate effects in children with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 1994;4(4):245‐53.
Martin 2007 {published data only}
    1. Martin CA, Guenthner G, Bingcang C, Rayens MK, Kelly TH. Measurement of the subjective effects of methylphenidate in 11‐ to 15‐year‐old children with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 2007;17(1):63‐73. - PMC - PubMed
Mehta 2004 {published data only}
    1. Mehta MA, Goodyer IM, Sahakian BJ. Methylphenidate improves working memory and set‐shifting in AD/HD: relationships to baseline memory capacity. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Alllied Disciplines 2004;45(2):293‐305. - PubMed
Milich 1989 {published data only}
    1. Milich R, Licht BG, Murphy DA, Pelham WE. Attention‐deficit hyperactivity disordered boys' evaluations of and attributions for task performance on medication versus placebo. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1989;98(3):280‐4. - PubMed
Milich 1991 {published data only}
    1. Milich R, Carlson CL, Pelham WE, Licht BG. Effects of methylphenidate on the persistence of ADHD boys following failure experiences. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 1991;19(5):519‐36. - PubMed
Novak 1995 {published data only}
    1. Novak GP, Solanto M, Abikoff H. Spatial orienting and focused attention in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychophysiology 1995;32(6):546‐59. - PubMed
O'Toole 1997 {published data only}
    1. O'Toole K, Abramowitz A, Morris R, Dulcan M. Effects of methylphenidate on attention and nonverbal learning in children with attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1997;36(4):531‐8. - PubMed
Peeke 1984 {published data only}
    1. Peeke S, Halliday R, Callaway E, Prael R, Reus V. Effects of two doses of methylphenidate on verbal information processing in hyperactive children. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 1984;4(2):82‐8. - PubMed
Pelham 1985 {published data only}
    1. Pelham WE, Bender ME, Caddell J, Booth S, Moorer SH. Methylphenidate and children with attention deficit disorder. Dose effects on classroom academic and social behavior. Archives of General Psychiatry 1985;42(10):948‐52. - PubMed
Pelham 1990b {published data only}
    1. Pelham WE, McBurnett K, Harper GW, Milich R, Murphy DA, Clinton J, et al. Methylphenidate and baseball playing in ADHD children: who's on first?. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1990;58(1):130‐3. [PUBMED: 2319047] - PubMed
Pelham 1992 {published data only}
    1. Pelham WE, Murphy DA, Vannatta K, Milich R. Methylphenidate and attributions in boys with attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder. Annual Progress in Child Psychiatry & Child Development. American Psychological Association, 1993:242‐65.
    1. Pelham WE, Murphy DA, Vannatta K, Milich R, Licht BG, Gnagy EM, et al. Methylphenidate and attributions in boys with attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1992;60(2):282‐92. [PsycINFO: 1994‐34504‐001] - PubMed
Pelham 1997 {published data only}
    1. Pelham WE, Hoza B, Kipp HL, Gnagy EM, Trane ST. Effects of methylphenidate and expectancy on ADHD children's performance, self‐evaluations, persistence, and attributions on a cognitive task. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology 1997;5(1):3‐13. - PubMed
Pelham 2001b {published data only}
    1. Pelham WE Jr, Waschbusch DA, Hoza B, Pillow DR, Gnagy EM. Effects of methylphenidate and expectancy on performance, self‐evaluations, persistence, and attributions on a social task in boys with ADHD. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology 2001;9(4):425‐37. - PubMed
Rapport 1995 {published data only}
    1. Rapport MD, Loo S, Denney C. The paired associate learning task: is it an externally valid instrument for assessing methylphenidate response in children with attention deficit disorder?. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment 1995;17(2):125‐44.
Richardson 1988 {published data only}
    1. Kupietz SS, Winsberg BG, Sverd J. Learning ability and methylphenidate (Ritalin(®)) plasma concentration in hyperkinetic children: a preliminary investigation. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1982;21(1):27‐30. - PubMed
    1. Richardson E, Kupietz SS, Winsberg BG, Maitinsky S, Mendell N. Effects of methylphenidate dosage in hyperactive reading‐disabled children: II. Reading achievement. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1988;27(1):78‐87. - PubMed
Rubia 2003 {published data only}
    1. Rubia K, Noorloos J, Smith A, Gunning B, Sergeant J. Motor timing deficits in community and clinical boys with hyperactive behavior: the effect of methylphenidate on motor timing. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 2003;31(3):301‐13. - PubMed
Sangal 2006 {published data only}
    1. Sangal RB, Sangal JM. Attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder: use of cognitive evoked potential (P300) to predict treatment response. Clinical Neurophysiology 2006;117(9):1996‐2006. - PubMed
Sengupta 2008 {published data only}
    1. Sengupta S, Grizenko N, Schmitz N, Schwartz G, Bellingham J, Polotskaia A, et al. COMT Val108/158Met polymorphism and the modulation of task‐oriented behavior in children with ADHD. Neuropsychopharmacology 2008;33(13):3069‐77. - PMC - PubMed
Silk 2012 {published data only}
    1. Silk T. Resting‐state functional connectivity anomalies in ADHD and responses to methylphenidate medication. Brain Connectivity 2012; Vol. 2, issue 4:A128.
Smith 2013 {published data only}
    1. Smith A, Cubillo A, Barrett N, Giampietro V, Simmons A, Brammer M, et al. Neurofunctional effects of methylphenidate and atomoxetine in boys with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder during time discrimination. Biological Psychiatry 2013;74(8):615‐22. - PubMed
Solanto 1986 {published data only}
    1. Solanto MV. Behavioral effects of low‐dose methylphenidate in childhood attention deficit disorder: implications for a mechanism of stimulant drug action. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1986;25(1):96‐101. - PubMed
Solanto 1997 {published data only}
    1. Solanto MV, Wender EH, Bartell SS. Effects of methylphenidate and behavioral contingencies on sustained attention in attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder: a test of the reward dysfunction hypothesis. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 1997;7(2):123‐36. - PubMed
Srinivas 1992 {published data only}
    1. Srinivas NR, Hubbard JW, Quinn D, Midha KK. Enantioselective pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of dl‐threo‐methylphenidate in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 1992;52(5):561‐8. - PubMed
Strand 2012 {published data only}
    1. Strand MT, Hawk LW Jr, Bubnik M, Shiels K, Pelham WE Jr, Waxmonsky JG. Improving working memory in children with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder: the separate and combined effects of incentives and stimulant medication. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 2012; Vol. 40, issue 7:1193‐207. - PMC - PubMed
Stray 2009 {published data only}
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Swanson 1993 {published data only}
    1. Swanson J, McBurnett K, Wigal T, Pfiffner LJ. Effect of stimulant medication on children with attention deficit disorder: a "review of reviews". Exceptional Children 1993;60(2):154‐61.
Szobot 2003 {published data only}
    1. Szobot CM, Ketzer C, Cunha RD, Parente MA, Langleben DD, Acton PD, et al. The acute effect of methylphenidate on cerebral blood flow in boys with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging 2003;30(3):423‐6. - PubMed
Tannock 2000 {published data only}
    1. Tannock R, Martinussen R, Frijters J. Naming speed performance and stimulant effects indicate effortful, semantic processing deficits in attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 2000;28(3):237‐52. - PubMed
Teicher 2003 {published data only}
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Teicher 2006 {published data only}
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References to studies awaiting assessment

Drtilkova 1997 {published data only}
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References to ongoing studies

Bottelier 2014 {published data only}
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NCT02039908 {unpublished data only}
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