Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2015:2015:158038.
doi: 10.1155/2015/158038. Epub 2015 Oct 29.

Immune Checkpoint Modulation in Colorectal Cancer: What's New and What to Expect

Julie Jacobs  1 , Evelien Smits  2 , Filip Lardon  3 , Patrick Pauwels  1 , Vanessa Deschoolmeester  1
Affiliations
Review

Immune Checkpoint Modulation in Colorectal Cancer: What's New and What to Expect

Julie Jacobs et al. J Immunol Res. 2015.

Abstract

Colorectal cancer (CRC), as one of the most prevalent types of cancer worldwide, is still a leading cause of cancer related mortality. There is an urgent need for more efficient therapies in metastatic disease. Immunotherapy, a rapidly expanding field of oncology, is designed to boost the body's natural defenses to fight cancer. Of the many approaches currently under study to improve antitumor immune responses, immune checkpoint inhibition has thus far been proven to be the most effective. This review will outline the treatments that take advantage of our growing understanding of the role of the immune system in cancer, with a particular emphasis on immune checkpoint molecules, involved in CRC pathogenesis.

PubMed Disclaimer

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Overview of immune checkpoint molecules involved in CRC pathogenesis. CD, cluster of differentiation; COX2, cyclooxygenase-2; CTLA-4, cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4; GAL9, Galectin-9; GITR, glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related protein; LAG-3, lymphocyte activation gene-3; MHC, major histocompatibility complex; PD-1, programmed death-1; PD-L, programmed death ligand; PGE2, prostaglandin E2; TCR, T cell receptor; TIM-3, T cell immunoglobulin and mucin containing protein-3.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Young J. M., Jorgensen M., Solomon M. Optimal delivery of colorectal cancer follow-up care: improving patient outcomes. Patient Related Outcome Measures. 2015;6:127–138. doi: 10.2147/prom.s49589. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Gonzalez-Pons M., Cruz-Correa M. Colorectal cancer biomarkers: where are we now? BioMed Research International. 2015;2015:14. doi: 10.1155/2015/149014.149014 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Deschoolmeester V., Smits E., Peeters M., Vermorken J. B. Status of active specific immunotherapy for stage II, stage III, and resected stage IV colon cancer. Current Colorectal Cancer Reports. 2013;9(4):380–390. doi: 10.1007/s11888-013-0182-5. - DOI
    1. Kocián P., Šedivcová M., Drgáč J., et al. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and dendritic cells in human colorectal cancer: their relationship to KRAS mutational status and disease recurrence. Human Immunology. 2011;72(11):1022–1028. doi: 10.1016/j.humimm.2011.07.312. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Deschoolmeester V., Baay M., Specenier P., Lardon F., Vermorken J. B. A review of the most promising biomarkers in colorectal cancer: one step closer to targeted therapy. Oncologist. 2010;15(7):699–731. doi: 10.1634/theoncologist.2010-0025. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Publication types