Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2015 Nov 18;7(26):2648-63.
doi: 10.4254/wjh.v7.i26.2648.

Hepatocellular carcinoma: A comprehensive review

Lisa P Waller  1 , Vrushak Deshpande  1 , Nikolaos Pyrsopoulos  1
Affiliations
Review

Hepatocellular carcinoma: A comprehensive review

Lisa P Waller et al. World J Hepatol. .

Abstract

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is rapidly becoming one of the most prevalent cancers worldwide. With a rising rate, it is a prominent source of mortality. Patients with advanced fibrosis, predominantly cirrhosis and hepatitis B are predisposed to developing HCC. Individuals with chronic hepatitis B and C infections are most commonly afflicted. Different therapeutic options, including liver resection, transplantation, systemic and local therapy, must be tailored to each patient. Liver transplantation offers leading results to achieve a cure. The Milan criteria is acknowledged as the model to classify the individuals that meet requirements to undergo transplantation. Mean survival remains suboptimal because of long waiting times and limited donor organ resources. Recent debates involve expansion of these criteria to create options for patients with HCC to increase overall survival.

Keywords: Expansion Milan Criteria; Hepatectomy; Hepatocellular carcinoma; Liver transplantation; Living donor liver transplantation; Mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors; Milan Criteria; Salvage liver transplantation; Sorafenib; Transarterial chemoembolization; University of California San Francisco Criteria.

PubMed Disclaimer

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System. Adapted from American College of Radiology (www.acr.org).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Barcelona-Clinic Liver Cancer Staging System[24]. HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; RFA: Radiofrequency ablation; CP: Child-Pugh.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Byam J, Renz J, Millis JM. Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr. 2013;2:22–30. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Bravi F, Bosetti C, Tavani A, Gallus S, La Vecchia C. Coffee reduces risk for hepatocellular carcinoma: an updated meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;11:1413–1421.e1. - PubMed
    1. Starzl TE, Marchioro TL, Vonkaulla KN, Hermann G, Brittain RS, Waddell WR. Homotransplantation of the liver in humans. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1963;117:659–676. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Mazzaferro V, Regalia E, Doci R, Andreola S, Pulvirenti A, Bozzetti F, Montalto F, Ammatuna M, Morabito A, Gennari L. Liver transplantation for the treatment of small hepatocellular carcinomas in patients with cirrhosis. N Engl J Med. 1996;334:693–699. - PubMed
    1. Lavanchy D. Hepatitis B virus epidemiology, disease burden, treatment, and current and emerging prevention and control measures. J Viral Hepat. 2004;11:97–107. - PubMed