Sultamicillin. A review of its antibacterial activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use

Abstract

Sultamicillin is the tosylate salt of the double ester of sulbactam plus ampicillin. Sulbactam is a semisynthetic beta-lactamase inhibitor which, in combination with ampicillin, extends the antibacterial activity of the latter to include some beta-lactamase-producing strains of bacteria that would otherwise be resistant. The combination of sulbactam plus ampicillin for parenteral use has previously been shown to be clinically and bacteriologically effective in a variety of infections. The chemical linkage of sulbactam and ampicillin has now produced an orally effective compound, sultamicillin, with antibacterial activity and clinical efficacy which are similar to those of the parenteral formulation. Sultamicillin has been shown to be clinically effective in non-comparative trials in patients with infections of the respiratory tract, ears, nose and throat, urinary tract, skin and soft tissues, as well as in obstetric and gynaecological infections, and in the treatment of gonorrhoea. In a small number of controlled trials, sultamicillin has shown comparable clinical efficacy to phenoxymethyl penicillin (penicillin V) and to amoxycillin (alone and in combination with clavulanic acid) in the treatment of paediatric streptococcal pharyngitis and acute otitis media, respectively; to cefaclor in the treatment of acute otitis media in adults; and to bacampicillin, cloxacillin and flucloxacillin plus ampicillin in skin and soft tissue infections in adults, children and adult diabetic patients, respectively. Sultamicillin was superior in efficacy to bacampicillin in the treatment of chronic respiratory infections, to cefaclor in the treatment of acute otitis media in adults, and to cefadroxil in the treatment of patients with complicated urinary tract infections. However, in single-dose treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhoea, sultamicillin (1500mg plus probenecid 1g) was inferior to a 2g intramuscular dose of spectinomycin. While in several studies the incidence of diarrhoea associated with sultamicillin was greater than that with comparative antibacterials, sultamicillin-associated diarrhoea was generally mild and transitory, although occasionally severe enough to necessitate discontinuation of treatment. Further studies in larger groups of patients are needed to clarify the therapeutic efficacy and safety of sultamicillin in comparison with other antibacterial regimens, and to determine the optimum single dosage for the treatment of gonorrhoea. Nonetheless, sultamicillin appears to provide a similar pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profile to that of parenteral sulbactam plus ampicillin and, as such, will extend the therapeutic efficacy of ampicillin, with the further advantage of allowing treatment of patients with an oral formulation, thus avoiding the potentially adverse clinical and financial effects of prolonged parenteral therapy.