Anatomy, Physiology, and Laboratory Evaluation of the Pituitary Gland

Abstract

The pituitary gland functions prominently in the control of most endocrine systems in the body. Diverse processes such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, and water balance are tightly regulated by the pituitary in conjunction with the hypothalamus and various downstream endocrine organs. Benign tumors of the pituitary gland are the primary cause of pituitary pathology and can result in inappropriate secretion of pituitary hormones or loss of pituitary function. First-line management of clinically significant tumors often involves surgical resection. Understanding of normal pituitary physiology and basic testing strategies to assess for pituitary dysfunction should be familiar to any skull base surgeon.

Keywords: Hypopituitarism; Pituitary diseases; Pituitary function tests; Pituitary gland; Pituitary hormones; Pituitary neoplasms.