Musculoskeletal Manifestations of Sickle Cell Disease: A Review

Abstract

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an inherited disorder of abnormal haemoglobin commonly encountered in the West African sub-region. It has varied osteoarticular and non-osseous complications that mimic some surgical conditions. The most common orthopaedic complications include avascular necrosis, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, etc. A cautious and painstaking evaluation is required in handling these patients. Acute care and anaesthetic precautions are vital in ensuring an uneventful postoperative period.

Keywords: avascular necrosis; orthopaedic complications; sickle cell disease; surgery.

Figure 1. Global prevalence of sickle cell disease.[Orange: 0.1-0.99, White: 1- 9.9, Grey: 10- > 19 Births with pathological Hb disorder per 1000 live birth]

Figure 2. Pathophysiology of sickle cell disease

Figure 3. X-ray pelvis anteroposterior view showing avascular necrosis of the head of the femur

Figure 4. X-ray right shoulder anteroposterior view showing avascular necrosis of the head of the humerus

Figure 5. MRI of the knee showing multiple infarcts

Figure 6. X-ray pelvis anteroposterior (AP) view showing retardation in growth of the proximal femur