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Review
. 2015 Dec 3;11(12):e1005240.
doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005240. eCollection 2015 Dec.

Traveling into Outer Space: Unanswered Questions about Fungal Extracellular Vesicles

Marcio L Rodrigues  1   2 , Rodrigo M C Godinho  2 , Daniel Zamith-Miranda  2 , Leonardo Nimrichter  2
Affiliations
Review

Traveling into Outer Space: Unanswered Questions about Fungal Extracellular Vesicles

Marcio L Rodrigues et al. PLoS Pathog. .
No abstract available

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Fig 1
Fig 1. Overview of the functional aspects of fungal EVs.
A. Fungal cells release heterogeneous populations of EVs that are immunologically active, as inferred from experimental models resulting in positive modulation of cytokine and nitric oxide (NO) production after exposure of host cells to EVs. Treatment of immune effector cells with EVs induces increased expression of CD86 and MHC-II molecules. For details and references, see Table 1. B. Biogenesis of fungal EVs is illustrated through (I) plasma membrane remodeling, resulting in cytoplasmic subtractions (inverted macropinocytosis), (II) membrane budding, resulting in ectosome formation, and (III) multivesicular body (MVB) formation, followed by fusion with the plasma membrane for the extracellular release of exosomes. C. The current literature supports the notion that fungal EVs can be lyzed for cargo release (IV). Alternatively, fungal EVs can be either internalized by (V) or fuse with the plasma membrane of host cells, likely resulting in the intracellular release of vesicular cargo (VI).
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References

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    1. Albuquerque PC, Nakayasu ES, Rodrigues ML, Frases S, Casadevall A, et al. (2008) Vesicular transport in Histoplasma capsulatum: an effective mechanism for trans-cell wall transfer of proteins and lipids in ascomycetes. Cell Microbiol 10: 1695–1710. 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2008.01160.x - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Rodrigues ML, Nakayasu ES, Oliveira DL, Nimrichter L, Nosanchuk JD, et al. (2008) Extracellular vesicles produced by Cryptococcus neoformans contain protein components associated with virulence. Eukaryot Cell 7: 58–67. - PMC - PubMed

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