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Review
. 2016 Oct 28:240:151-164.
doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.12.002. Epub 2015 Dec 2.

Controlled release of biologics for the treatment of type 2 diabetes

Caslin A Gilroy #  1 , Kelli M Luginbuhl #  1 , Ashutosh Chilkoti  1
Affiliations
Review

Controlled release of biologics for the treatment of type 2 diabetes

Caslin A Gilroy et al. J Control Release. .

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes is a rapidly growing disease that poses a significant burden to the United States healthcare system. Despite the many available treatments for the disease, close to half of diagnosed type 2 diabetes cases are not properly managed, largely due to inadequate patient adherence to prescribed treatment regimens. Methods for improving delivery - and thereby easing administration - of type 2 drugs have the potential to greatly improve patient health. This review focuses on two peptide drugs - insulin and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) - for treatment of type 2 diabetes. Peptide drugs offer the benefits of high potency and specificity but pose a significant delivery challenge due to their inherent instability and short half-life. The development of insulin and GLP-1 analogs highlights the broad spectrum of drug delivery strategies that have been used to solve these problems. Numerous structural modifications and formulations have been introduced to optimize absorption, residence time, stability, route of delivery and frequency of administration. Continual improvements in delivery methods for insulin and GLP-1 receptor agonists are paving the way towards better patient compliance and improved disease management, and thereby enhanced patient quality of life.

Keywords: Controlled release; Diabetes; Drug delivery; GLP-1; Insulin; Peptide.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Structure of human insulin. A 21-amino acid A chain is linked via disulfide bonds to a 30-amino acid B chain to form the functional insulin monomer. Shaded residues are commonly mutated in fast-acting insulin analogs to speed up absorption upon s.c. injection.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Overview of strategies for improving the delivery of GLP-1R agonists. Graphic depicting microspheres was adapted from bydureon.com and graphic depicting implantable pump was adapted from intarcia.com.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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