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. 2015 Dec 9;5(12):e009810.
doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009810.

Multimorbidity prevalence and pattern in Indonesian adults: an exploratory study using national survey data

Mohammad Akhtar Hussain  1 , Rachel R Huxley  2 , Abdullah Al Mamun  1
Affiliations

Multimorbidity prevalence and pattern in Indonesian adults: an exploratory study using national survey data

Mohammad Akhtar Hussain et al. BMJ Open. .

Abstract

Objectives: To estimate the prevalence and pattern of multimorbidity in the Indonesian adult population.

Design: Cross-sectional study.

Setting: Community-based survey. The sampling frame was based on households in 13 of the 27 Indonesian provinces, representing about 83% of the Indonesian population.

Participants: 9438 Indonesian adults aged 40 years and above.

Main outcome measures: Prevalence and pattern of multimorbidity by age, gender and socioeconomic status.

Results: The mean number of morbidities in the sample was 1.27 (SE ± 0.01). The overall age and sex standardised prevalence of multimorbidity was 35.7% (34.8% to 36.7%), with women having significantly higher prevalence of multimorbidity than men (41.5% vs 29.5%; p<0.001). Of those with multimorbidity, 64.6% (62.8% to 66.3%) were aged less than 60 years. Prevalence of multimorbidity was positively associated with age (p for trend <0.001) and affluence (p for trend <0.001) and significantly greater in women at all ages compared with men. For each 5-year increment in age there was an approximate 20% greater risk of multimorbidity in both sexes (18% in women 95% CI 1.14 to 1.22 and 22% in men 95% CI 1.18 to 1.26). Increasing age, female gender, non-Javanese ethnicity, and high per-capital expenditure were all significantly associated with higher odds of multimorbidity. The combination of hypertension with cardiac diseases, hypercholesterolemia, arthritis, and uric acid/gout were the most commonly occurring disease pairs in both sexes.

Conclusions: More than one-third of the Indonesian adult population are living with multimorbidity with women and the more wealthy being particularly affected. Of especial concern was the high prevalence of multimorbidity among younger individuals. Hypertension was the most frequently occurring condition common to most individuals with multimorbidity.

Keywords: PUBLIC HEALTH; chronic diseases; multiple chronic conditions; multiple morbidities; risk factors.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
IFLS 4 participants and selection of study sample from the original sampled population. CES-D, Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; IFLS-4, Indonesian Family Life Survey.
Figure 2
Figure 2
The proportion of population with number of chronic condition or morbidities according to age groups and gender.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Marginal plots showing relative OR for each category of age and sex compared to 40–44 years male participants, adjusted for other socio-demographic variables.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Leading five most commonly occurring combinations of chronic conditions among male and female with multimorbidity.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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