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. 2015 Dec 14;10(12):e0144461.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144461. eCollection 2015.

Elevated Matrix Metalloproteinase Levels in Bronchi Infected with Periodontopathogenic Bacteria

Luca Bernasconi  1 , Liza L Ramenzoni  2 , Ahmed Al-Majid  2 , Gabrielo M Tini  3 , Sereina M Graber  4 , Patrick R Schmidlin  2 , Sarosh Irani  3
Affiliations

Elevated Matrix Metalloproteinase Levels in Bronchi Infected with Periodontopathogenic Bacteria

Luca Bernasconi et al. PLoS One. .

Abstract

Objectives: To determine whether bronchial colonisations/infections with periodontopathogenic bacteria are associated with elevated inflammatory markers such as MMPs, interleukins and Tumor necrosis factor alpha in the bronchial fluid.

Methods: Periodontal status was assessed in consecutive outpatients planned for elective bronchoscopies, and PCR for periodontopathogenic bacteria was performed from a protected specimen brush sample taken from the bronchial mucosa. Additionally, MMPs, interleukins and Tumor necrosis factor alpha were measured in the bronchial fluid.

Results: Out of the four species assessed, one species was found in 13 of 91 (14%) patients, and two in 12 (13%), three in 13 (14%) and all four in 1 (1%) patient, respectively. In multiple linear regression models the presence of Treponema denticola showed a consistent pattern of positive effects in bronchial fluid (Bonferroni adjusted p-values) on the levels of MMP9 (p adj.: 0.028) and MMP12 (p adj.: 0.029). Active smoking was independently associated with increased levels of aMMP8 (p adj.: 0.005) and MMP9 (p adj.: 0.009). Levels of IL-1 ß, IL-8 and Tumor necrosis factor alpha measured in the bronchial fluid were not affected by the presence of periodontopathogenic bacteria.

Conclusions: Bronchial colonisation/infection with Treponema denticola and smoking are independently associated with elevated MMPs (MMP9/MMP12 and MMP8/MMP9, respectively) in the bronchial fluid.

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Conflict of interest statement

Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Fig 1
Fig 1. Enrolment of study participants.
Fig 2
Fig 2. Levels of matrix metalloproteinases in the bronchial fluid of patients, with and without bronchial colonisation with Treponema denticola (Td), shown separately for active smokers (dark grey) and non-smokers (transparent).
The y-axes are either ln- or box-cox-transformed, corresponding to the transformations used in the multiple regression models. The dots indicate outliers.
Fig 3
Fig 3. Cytokine levels in the bronchial fluid of patients with and without bronchial colonisation with Treponema denticola (Td), shown separately for active smokers (dark grey) and non-smokers (transparent).
The y-axes are box-cox-transformed, corresponding to the transformations used in the multiple regression models. The dots indicate outliers.
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