The Gut Microbiome and Its Potential Role in the Development and Function of Newborn Calf Gastrointestinal Tract

Abstract

A diverse microbial population colonizes the sterile mammalian gastrointestinal tract during and after the birth. There is increasing evidence that this complex microbiome plays a crucial role in the development of the mucosal immune system and influences newborn health. Microbial colonization is a complex process influenced by a two-way interaction between host and microbes and a variety of external factors, including maternal microbiota, birth process, diet, and antibiotics. Following this initial colonization, continuous exposure to host-specific microbes is not only essential for development and maturation of the mucosal immune system but also the nutrition and health of the animal. Thus, it is important to understand host-microbiome interactions within the context of individual animal species and specific management practices. Data is now being generated revealing significant associations between the early microbiome, development of the mucosal immune system, and the growth and health of newborn calves. The current review focuses on recent information and discusses the limitation of current data and the potential challenges to better characterizing key host-specific microbial interactions. We also discuss potential strategies that may be used to manipulate the early microbiome to improve production and health during the time when newborn calves are most susceptible to enteric disease.

Keywords: enteric infections; gut development; gut microbiota; mucosal immune system; neonatal ruminants.

Figure 1

Number of publication entries in Medline (PubMed) trend* from 1995 to 2013. (A) Publication entries searched with query “gut colonization.” (B) Publication entries searched with query “gut colonization and human.” (C) Publication entries searched with query “gut colonization and ruminant.” (D) Publication entries searched with query “rumen colonization.” *Medline Trend, URL: http://dan.corlan.net/medline-trend.html.

Figure 2

Colonization of neonatal calf rumen/gut, immediately postpartum and within the first 12 weeks of life.