Narrative overview of animal and human brucellosis in Morocco: intensification of livestock production as a driver for emergence?

Abstract

Brucellosis is one of the most widespread zoonoses in the world caused by several species of the genus Brucella. The disease, eradicated in many developed countries, is a re-emerging neglected zoonosis endemic in several zones especially in the Mediterranean region, impacting on human health and livestock production. A One Health approach could address brucellosis control in Morocco but scarcity of reliable epidemiological data, as well as underreporting, hinders the implementation of sustainable control strategies. Surveillance and control policies implemented by the Moroccan government in domestic animals (cattle and small ruminants) in the last few decades are assessed for disease impact. This study considers the origins of animal brucellosis in Morocco and the potential for emergence of brucellosis during a shift from extensive to intensive livestock production.

Fig. 1

Terrain (a), landcover (b), agro-ecological/livestock production zones (c) and regions and provinces (d) of Morocco

Fig. 2

Distribution of cattle in 1996 (a) and 2014 (b); sheep in 1996 (c) and 2014 (d); goats in 1996 (e) and 2014 (f); and camels in 1996 (g) and 2011 (h)

Fig. 3

Flow diagram for systematic review of selected studies (bact/mol- bacteriological/molecular)