The effect of predation risk on spermatophore deposition rate of the eriophyoid mite, Aculops allotrichus

Abstract

Eriophyoids are minute herbivores in which males deposit spermatophores on a substrate while females, independent of the presence of males, pick up sperm (sex dissociation). Their most dangerous enemies are phytoseiid mites. Eriophyoids can successfully avoid the predation by, e.g., forming galls in which they live, by inhabiting narrow spaces on plants, or by climbing up leaf trichomes for the time of quiescence. All these behaviours, however, are fixed and independent of the actual risk of predation. The aim of this study was to examine whether eriophyoids can respond to the cues of predation risk and how this could affect their spermatophore deposition rate. Aculops allotrichus is a vagrant eriophyoid which inhabits leaves of the black locust tree, Robinia pseudoacacia. On leaf arenas with injured conspecifics (pierced with a fine needle which simulated the attack of phytoseiids), single males of Ac. allotrichus deposited a similar number of spermatophores as on control, 'clean' leaves. They did not respond to the cues left by the non-enemy, yeast-fed acarid mite Tyrophagus putrescentiae either. However, they deposited significantly fewer spermatophores on leaf arenas previously exposed to the presence of the eriophyoid-fed phytoseiid mite Amblyseius swirskii. This is a first report indicating that eriophyoids can respond to the cues left by predators and change their reproductive activity accordingly. The ultimate and proximate factors that may influence the behaviour of Ac. allotrichus males are discussed.

Keywords: Aculops allotrichus; Amblyseius swirskii; Eriophyoidea; Phytoseiidae; Predation risk; Spermatophore deposition.

Fig. 1

Mean (±SE) number of spermatophores deposited by single males of Aculops allotrichus on leaf arenas which were either clean (control) or a exposed to predators (Amblyseius swirskii), b exposed to fungivores (Tyrophagus putrescentiae), or c provided with pierced nymph conspecifics (Mann–Whitney U tests: *P < 0.05)