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. 2015 Dec 2:4:756.
doi: 10.1186/s40064-015-1552-z. eCollection 2015.

US-like isolates of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus from Japanese outbreaks between 2013 and 2014

Nguyen Van Diep  1 , Junzo Norimine  1 , Masuo Sueyoshi  1 , Nguyen Thi Lan  2 , Takuya Hirai  1 , Ryoji Yamaguchi  1
Affiliations

US-like isolates of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus from Japanese outbreaks between 2013 and 2014

Nguyen Van Diep et al. Springerplus. .

Abstract

Since late 2013, outbreaks of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) have reemerged in Japan. In the present study, we observed a high detection rate of PEDV, with 72.5 % (148/204) of diarrhea samples (suckling, weaned, and sows) and 88.5 % (77/87) of farms experiencing acute diarrhea found to be positive for PEDV by reverse transcription PCR. Sequencing and phylogenic analyses of the partial spike gene and ORF3 of PEDV demonstrated that all prevailing Japanese PEDV isolates belonged to novel genotypes that differed from previously reported strains and the two PEDV vaccine strains currently being used in Japan. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis revealed prevailing PEDV isolates in Japan had the greatest genetic similarity to US isolates and were not vaccine-related. Unlike vaccine strains, all prevailing field PEDV isolates in Japan were found to have a number of amino acid differences in the neutralizing epitope domain, COE, which may affect antigenicity and vaccine efficacy. The present study indicates recent PEDV isolates may have been introduced into Japan from overseas and highlights the urgent requirement of novel vaccines for controlling PEDV outbreaks in Japan.

Keywords: ORF3; PED; PEDV Japan; Partial S gene; Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus.

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Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Comparison of deduced amino acid sequence alignment of the partial S gene of two vaccine strains, 23 Japanese fields PEDV isolates, US strains, and US like-strains from South Korean. Dash (.) reveals the amino acid identity of isolates compared with vaccine strain P5-V. The green box shows the COE domain. The black box indicates the variable site on the COE domain
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Phylogenetic analysis of the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus isolates based on the nucleotide sequences of the partials S genes. The tree was generated by the maximum likelihood method of the software MEGA v.6.05. Numbers at nodes represent the percentage of 1000 bootstrap replicates (values <70 are not shown). The scale bar indicates nucleotide substitution per site. The recent Japanese PEDV isolates in this study are marked by solid round symbols, the Japanese strains prior to 2013 are marked by solid diamond symbols, and the vaccine strains being used in Japan are marked by solid square symbols. The US strains and US-like strains are marked by triangle hollow symbols, while the S INDEL strains are marked by solid triangle symbols
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Phylogenetic analysis of the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus isolates based on the ORF3 of PEDV. The tree was generated by the maximum likelihood method of the software MEGA v.6.05. Numbers at nodes represent the percentage of 1000 bootstrap replicates (values <70 are not show). The scale bar indicates nucleotide substitution per site. The recent Japanese PEDV isolates in this study are marked by solid round symbols and the vaccine strains being used in Japan are marked by solid square symbols. The US strains and US-like strains are marked by triangle hollow symbols, while the S INDEL strains are marked by solid triangle symbols
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