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Meta-Analysis
. 2015 Dec 29;2015(12):CD006748.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006748.pub4.

Social norms information for alcohol misuse in university and college students

David R Foxcroft  1 , Maria Teresa Moreira, Nerissa M L Almeida Santimano, Lesley A Smith
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Social norms information for alcohol misuse in university and college students

David R Foxcroft et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Drinking is influenced by youth perceptions of how their peers drink. These perceptions are often incorrect, overestimating peer drinking norms. If inaccurate perceptions can be corrected, young people may drink less.

Objectives: To determine whether social norms interventions reduce alcohol-related negative consequences, alcohol misuse or alcohol consumption when compared with a control (ranging from assessment only/no intervention to other educational or psychosocial interventions) among university and college students.

Search methods: The following electronic databases were searched up to July 2015: the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library), MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO. The Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) only to March 2008. Reference lists of included studies and review articles were manually searched. No restriction based on language or date was applied.

Selection criteria: Randomised controlled trials or cluster-randomised controlled trials that compared a social normative intervention versus no intervention, alcohol education leaflet or other 'non-normative feedback' alcohol intervention and reported on alcohol consumption or alcohol-related problems in university or college students.

Data collection and analysis: We used standard methodological procedures as expected by Cochrane. Each outcome was analysed by mode of delivery: mailed normative feedback (MF); web/computer normative feedback (WF); individual face-to-face normative feedback (IFF); group face-to-face normative feedback (GFF); and normative marketing campaign (MC).

Main results: A total of 70 studies (44,958 participants) were included in the review, and 63 studies (42,784 participants) in the meta-analyses. Overall, the risk of bias assessment showed that these studies provided moderate or low quality evidence.Outcomes at four or more months post-intervention were of particular interest to assess when effects were sustained beyond the immediate short term. We have reported pooled effects across delivery modes only for those analyses for which heterogeneity across delivery modes is not substantial (I(2) < 50%).Alcohol-related problems at four or more months: IFF standardised mean difference (SMD) -0.14, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.24 to -0.04 (participants = 2327; studies = 11; moderate quality evidence), equivalent to a decrease of 1.28 points in the 69-point alcohol problems scale score. No effects were found for WF or MF.Binge drinking at four or more months: results pooled across delivery modes: SMD -0.06, 95% CI -0.11 to -0.02 (participants = 11,292; studies = 16; moderate quality evidence), equivalent to 2.7% fewer binge drinkers if 30-day prevalence is 43.9%.Drinking quantity at four or more months: results pooled across delivery modes: SMD -0.08, 95% CI -0.12 to -0.04 (participants = 21,169; studies = 32; moderate quality evidence), equivalent to a reduction of 0.9 drinks consumed each week, from a baseline of 13.7 drinks per week.Drinking frequency at four or more months: WF SMD -0.11, 95% CI -0.17 to -0.04 (participants = 9929; studies = 10; moderate quality evidence), equivalent to a decrease of 0.17 drinking days/wk, from a baseline of 2.74 days/wk; IFF SMD -0.21, 95% CI -0.31 to -0.10 (participants = 1464; studies = 8; moderate quality evidence), equivalent to a decrease of 0.32 drinking days/wk, from a baseline of 2.74 days/wk. No effects were found for GFF or MC.Estimated blood alcohol concentration (BAC) at four or more months: peak BAC results pooled across delivery modes: SMD -0.08, 95% CI -0.17 to 0.00 (participants = 7198; studies = 11; low quality evidence), equivalent to a reduction in peak BAC from an average of 0.144% to 0.135%. No effects were found for typical BAC with IFF.

Authors' conclusions: The results of this review indicate that no substantive meaningful benefits are associated with social norms interventions for prevention of alcohol misuse among college/university students. Although some significant effects were found, we interpret the effect sizes as too small, given the measurement scales used in the studies included in this review, to be of relevance for policy or practice. Moreover, the significant effects are not consistent for all misuse measures, heterogeneity was a problem in some analyses and bias cannot be discounted as a potential cause of these findings.

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Conflict of interest statement

Oxford Brookes University has received funding from the alcohol industry for prevention programme development and training. No conflict of interest has been perceived between the funding provided and this Cochrane review.

David R Foxcroft: none

Maria Teresa Moreira: none

Nerissa ML Almeida Santimano: none

Lesley A Smith: none

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram.
2
2
Methodological quality graph: review authors' judgements about each methodological quality item presented as percentages across all included studies.
3
3
Methodological quality summary: review authors' judgements about each methodological quality item for each included study.
4
4
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Social norms (SN) vs control, outcome: 1.2 Alcohol‐related problems: 4+ months.
5
5
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Social norms (SN) vs control, outcome: 1.4 Binge drinking: 4+ months.
6
6
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Social norms (SN) vs control, outcome: 1.6 Quantity of drinking: 4+ months.
7
7
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Social norms (SN) vs control, outcome: 1.8 Frequency: 4+ months.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 Social norms (SN) vs control, Outcome 1 Alcohol‐related problems: up to 3 months.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 Social norms (SN) vs control, Outcome 2 Alcohol‐related problems: 4+ months.
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 Social norms (SN) vs control, Outcome 3 Binge drinking: up to 3 months.
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 Social norms (SN) vs control, Outcome 4 Binge drinking: 4+ months.
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1 Social norms (SN) vs control, Outcome 5 Quantity of drinking: up to 3 months.
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1 Social norms (SN) vs control, Outcome 6 Quantity of drinking: 4+ months.
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1 Social norms (SN) vs control, Outcome 7 Frequency: up to 3 months.
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1 Social norms (SN) vs control, Outcome 8 Frequency: 4+ months.
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1 Social norms (SN) vs control, Outcome 9 Peak BAC: up to 3 months.
1.10
1.10. Analysis
Comparison 1 Social norms (SN) vs control, Outcome 10 Peak BAC: 4+ months.
1.11
1.11. Analysis
Comparison 1 Social norms (SN) vs control, Outcome 11 Typical BAC: up to 3 months.
1.12
1.12. Analysis
Comparison 1 Social norms (SN) vs control, Outcome 12 Typical BAC: 4+ months.
1.13
1.13. Analysis
Comparison 1 Social norms (SN) vs control, Outcome 13 Drinking norms: up to 3 months.
1.14
1.14. Analysis
Comparison 1 Social norms (SN) vs control, Outcome 14 Drinking norms: 4+ months.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

References

References to studies included in this review

Amaro 2009 {published data only}
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Bendtsen 2012 {published data only}
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Bewick 2008a {published data only}
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Bewick 2010 {published data only}
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Bewick 2013 {published data only}
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Borsari 2000 {published data only}
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Borsari 2005 {published data only}
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Bryant 2009 {published data only}
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Bryant 2013 {published data only}
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Butler 2009 {published data only}
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Collins 2002 {published data only}
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DeJong 2009 {published data only}
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Doumas 2008a {published data only}
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Doumas 2009b {published data only}
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Eggleston 2008 {published data only}
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Ekman 2011 {published data only}
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Geisner 2007 {published data only}
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Henslee 2009 {published data only}
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Juárez 2006 {published data only}
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Kypri 2004 {published data only}
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Kypri 2005 {published data only}
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Kypri 2008 {published and unpublished data}
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Kypri 2009 {published data only}
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Kypri 2013 {published and unpublished data}
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Kypri 2014 {published and unpublished data}
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LaBrie 2013 {published data only}
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LaChance 2009 {published data only}
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Larimer 2001 {published data only}
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Lau‐Barraco 2008 {published data only}
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Lewis 2007a {published data only}
    1. Lewis MA, Neighbors C. Optimizing personalized normative feedback: the use of gender‐specific referents. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 2007;68:228‐37. - PMC - PubMed
Lewis 2007b {published data only}
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Lewis 2008 {published data only}
    1. Lewis MA, Neighbors C, Lee CM, Oster‐Aaland L. 21st birthday celebratory drinking: evaluation of a personalized normative feedback card intervention. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 2008;22(2):176‐85. - PMC - PubMed
Lewis 2014 {published data only}
    1. Lewis MA, Patrick ME, Litt DM, Atkins DC, Kim T, Blayney JA, et al. Randomized controlled trial of a web‐delivered personalized normative feedback intervention to reduce alcohol‐related risky sexual behavior among college students. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2014;82(3):429‐40. - PMC - PubMed
Lovecchio 2010 {published data only}
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Marlatt 1998 {published data only}
    1. Marlatt GA, Baer JS, Kivlahan DR, Dimeff LA, Larimer ME, Quigley LA, et al. Screening and brief intervention for high‐risk college student drinkers: results from a 2‐year follow‐up assessment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1998;66(4):604‐7. - PubMed
Martens 2013 {published data only}
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McNally 2003 {published data only}
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Michael 2006 {published data only}
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Moore 2013 {published data only}
    1. Moore FG, Williams A, Moore L, Murphy S. An exploratory cluster randomised trial of a university halls of residence based social norms marketing campaign to reduce alcohol consumption among 1st year students. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy 2013;8:15. - PMC - PubMed
Moreira 2012 {unpublished data only}
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Murphy 2001 {published data only}
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Neal 2004 {published data only}
    1. Neal DJ, Carey KB. Developing discrepancy within self‐regulation theory: use of personalized normative feedback and personal strivings with heavy‐drinking college students. Addictive Behaviors 2004;29(2):281‐97. - PubMed
Neighbors 2004 {published data only}
    1. Neighbors C, Larimer ME, Lewis MA. Targeting misperceptions of descriptive drinking norms: efficacy of a computer‐delivered personalized normative feedback intervention. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2004;72(3):434‐47. - PubMed
Neighbors 2006 {published data only}
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Neighbors 2009 {published data only}
    1. Neighbors C, Lee CM, Lewis MA, Fossos N, Walter T. Internet‐based personalized feedback to reduce 21st‐birthday drinking: a randomized controlled trial of an event‐specific prevention intervention. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology 2009;77(1):51‐63. - PMC - PubMed
Neighbors 2010 {published and unpublished data}
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Neighbors 2011 {published data only}
    1. Neighbors C, Jensen M, Tidwell J, Walter T, Fossos N, Lewis MA. Social‐norms interventions for light and nondrinking students. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 2011;14(5):651‐69. - PMC - PubMed
Palfai 2011 {published data only}
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Paschall 2011 {published and unpublished data}
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Patrick 2014 {published data only}
    1. Patrick ME, Lee CM, Neighbors C. Web‐Based Intervention to Change Perceived Norms of CollegeStudent Alcohol Use and Sexual Behavior on Spring Break. Addict Behav. 2014;39(3):600‐606. - PMC - PubMed
Pederson 2012 {published data only}
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Ridout 2014 {published data only}
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Schaus 2009 {published data only}
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Simão 2008 {published data only}
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Terlecki 2010 Mandated {published data only}
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Terlecki 2010 Voluntary {published data only}
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Turrisi 2009 {published data only}
    1. Turrisi R, Larimer ME, Mallett KA, Kilmer JR, Ray AE, Mastroleo NR, et al. A randomized clinical trial evaluating a combined alcohol intervention for high‐risk college students. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 2009;70(4):555‐67. - PMC - PubMed
Walters 2000 {published data only}
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Walters 2007 {published data only}
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Walters 2009a {published data only}
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Werch 2000 {published data only}
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Wilke 2014 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Wilke DJ, Mennicke A, Howell RL, Magnuson AB. A peer‐facilitated intervention to reduce risky drinking among fraternity and sorority members. Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions 2014;14(1):42‐63.
Wood 2007 {published data only}
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References to studies excluded from this review

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Barnett 2007 {published data only}
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Capone 2009 {published data only}
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Collins 2005 {published data only}
    1. Collins SE, Carey KB, Smyth J. Relationships of linguistic and motivation variables with drinking outcomes following two mailed brief interventions. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 2005;66(4):526‐35. - PubMed
Collins 2009 {published data only}
    1. Collins SE, Carey KB, Otto JM. A new decisional balance measure of motivation to change among at‐risk college drinkers. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 2009;23(3):464‐71. - PMC - PubMed
Collins 2010 {published data only}
    1. Collins SE, Logan DE, Neighbors C. Which came first: the readiness or the change? Longitudinal relationships between readiness to change and drinking among college drinkers. Addiction 2010;105(11):1899‐909. - PMC - PubMed
Coronges 2009 {published data only}
    1. Coronges K. Social selection and influence of alcohol & marijuana implicit cognitions and behaviors: a longitudinal investigation of peer social network dynamics. Doctoral dissertation, U Southern California, USA,. U Southern California, US,, 2009.
Cronce 2010 {published data only}
    1. Cronce JM, Larimer ME. Individual focused approached to the prevention of college student drinking. Alcohol Research & Health 2011;34(2):210‐21. - PMC - PubMed
Cunningham 2008 {published data only}
    1. Cunningham JA, Neighbors C, Wild C, Humphreys K. Ultra‐brief intervention for problem drinkers: research protocol. BMC Public Health 2008;8:298. - PMC - PubMed
Cunningham 2013 {published data only}
    1. Cunningham JA, Wong HTA. Assessing the immediate impact of normative drinking information using an immediate post‐test randomized controlled design: implications for normative feedback interventions?. Addictive Behaviors 2013;38:2252‐6. - PubMed
Curtin 2001 {published data only}
    1. Curtin L, Stephens RS, Bonenberger JL. Goal setting and feedback in the reduction of heavy drinking in female college students. Journal of College Student Psychotherapy 2001;15(3):17‐37.
Dimeff 2000 {published data only}
    1. Dimeff LA, McNeely M. Computer‐enhanced primary care practitioner advice for high‐risk college drinkers in a student primary health‐care setting. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice 2000;7(1):82‐100.
Doumas 2008b {published data only}
    1. Doumas DM, Hannah E. Preventing high‐risk drinking in youth in the workplace: a web‐based normative feedback program. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 2008;34(3):263‐71. - PubMed
Doumas 2011 {published data only}
    1. Doumas DM, Workman C, Smith D, Navarro A. Reducing high‐risk drinking in mandated college students: evaluation of two personalized normative feedback interventions. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 2011;40(4):376‐85. - PubMed
Ehlert 2010 {published data only}
    1. Ehlert JJ. SNAAKS: student nutrition attitudes, action, knowledge, and skills: a nutrition program tailored to the needs of predominantly Black and Hispanic college freshmen. Doctoral dissertation, Teachers College, Columbia U, USA,. Teachers Coll, Columbia U , US, 2010.
Epstein 2008 {published data only}
    1. Epstein JA, Griffin KW, Botvin GJ. A social influence model of alcohol use for inner‐city adolescents: family drinking, perceived drinking norms, and perceived social benefits of drinking. Journal of Studies on Alcohol & Drugs 2008;69(3):397‐405. - PubMed
Fleming 2010 {published data only}
    1. Fleming MF, Balousek SL, Grossberg PM, Mundt MP, Brown D, Wiegel JR, et al. Brief physician advice for heavy drinking college students: a randomized controlled trial in college health clinics. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 2010;71(1):23‐31. - PMC - PubMed
Frone 2010 {published data only}
    1. Frone MR, Brown AL. Workplace substance‐use norms as predictors of employee substance use and impairment: a survey of U.S. workers. Journal of Studies on Alcohol & Drugs 2010;71(4):526‐34. - PMC - PubMed
Genannt 2008 {published data only}
    1. Genannt Bonsmann SS, Walczyk T, Renggli S, Hurrell RF. Oxalic acid does not influence nonhaem iron absorption in humans: a comparison of kale and spinach meals. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2008;62(3):336‐41. - PubMed
Ghandour 2009 {published data only}
    1. Ghandour LA, Karam EG, Maalouf WE. Lifetime alcohol use, abuse and dependence among university students in Lebanon: exploring the role of religiosity in different religious faiths. Addiction 2009;104(6):940‐8. - PubMed
Graham 2004 {published data only}
    1. Graham JW, Tatterson JW, Roberts MM, Johnston SE. Preventing alcohol‐related harm in college students: alcohol‐related harm prevention program effects on hypothesized mediating variables. Health Education Research 2004;19(1):71‐84. - PubMed
Granfield 2002 {published data only}
    1. Granfield R. Believe it or not: examining the emergence of new drinking norms in college. Journal of Alcohol & Drug Education 2002;47(2):18‐33.
Granfield 2005 {published data only}
    1. Granfield R. Alcohol use in college: limitations on the transformation of social norms. Addiction Research and Theory 2005;13(3):281‐92.
Gregory 2001 {published data only}
    1. Gregory BM. College alcohol & life skills study with students athletes. Dissertation, Florida Atlantic University, USA, 2001.
Grossbard 2010 {published data only}
    1. Grossbard JR, Mastroleo NR, Kilmer JR, Lee CM, Turrisi R, Larimer ME, et al. Substance use patterns among first‐year college students: secondary effects of a combined alcohol intervention. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 2010;39(4):384‐90. - PMC - PubMed
Hallett 2009 {published data only}
    1. Hallett J, Maycock B, Kypri K, Howat P, McManus A. Development of a Web‐based alcohol intervention for university students: processes and challenges. Drug & Alcohol Review 2009;28(1):31‐9. - PubMed
Hanewinkel 2005 {published data only}
    1. Hanewinkel R, Wiborg G. Brief alcohol screening and intervention for college students (BASICS): a German pilot study. SUCHT 2005;51(5):285–90.
Huchting 2008 {published data only}
    1. Huchting K, Lac A, LaBrie JW. An application of the Theory of Planned Behavior to sorority alcohol consumption. Addictive Behaviors 2008;33(4):538‐51. - PMC - PubMed
Hustad 2009 {published data only}
    1. Hustad JT, Barnett NP, Borsari B, Jackson KM. Web‐based alcohol prevention for incoming college students: a randomized controlled trial. Addictive Behaviors 2009;35(3):183‐9. - PMC - PubMed
Jacobs‐Priebe 2008 {published data only}
    1. Jacobs‐Priebe L. The social norms approach to preventing violence against women: the role of ambivalent sexism. Unpublished dissertation, Vanderbilt University, USA,. Jacobs‐Priebe, Lynette: Vanderbilt U , US,, 2008.
Kearney 2013 {published data only}
    1. Kearney B, Manley D, Mendoza R. The impact of an alcohol education program using social norming. Kentucky Nurse 2013;April/May/June:6‐7. - PubMed
Kerksiek 2008 {published data only}
    1. Kerksiek KA, Bell NJ, Harris KS. Exploring meanings of adolescent and young adult alcohol/other drug use: perspectives of students in recovery. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly 2008;26(3):295‐311.
Kwan 2010 {published data only}
    1. Kwan PP. Contextualizing social network influences on substance use among high risk adolescents. Doctoral dissertation, U Southern California, USA,. U Southern California, US, 2010.
Kypri 2003 {published data only}
    1. Kypri K, Saunders JB, Gallagher SJ. Acceptability of various brief intervention approaches for hazardous drinking among university students. Alcohol and Alcoholism 2003;38(6):626‐8. - PubMed
Kypri 2007 {published data only}
    1. Kypri K, Langley JD, Saunders JB, Cashell‐Smith ML. Assessment may conceal therapeutic benefit: findings from a randomized controlled trial for hazardous drinking. Addiction 2007;102(1):71‐80. - PubMed
LaBrie 2007 {published data only}
    1. LaBrie JW, Pedersen ER, Lamb TF, Quinlan T. A campus‐based motivational enhancement group intervention reduces problematic drinking in freshmen male college students. Addictive Behaviors 2007;32(5):889‐901. - PubMed
LaBrie 2008 {published data only}
    1. LaBrie JW, Hummer JF, Neighbors C, Pedersen ER. Live interactive group‐specific normative feedback reduces misperceptions and drinking in college students: a randomized cluster trial. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 2008;22(1):141‐8. - PMC - PubMed
LaBrie 2009 {published data only}
    1. LaBrie JW, Hummer JF, Huchting KK, Neighbors C. A brief live interactive normative group intervention using wireless keypads to reduce drinking and alcohol consequences in college student athletes. Drug & Alcohol Review 2009;28(1):40‐7. - PMC - PubMed
LaBrie 2010a {published data only}
    1. LaBrie JW, Cail J, Pedersen ER, Migliuri S. Reducing alcohol risk in adjudicated male college students: further validation of a group motivational enhancement intervention. Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse 2010;20(1):82‐98. - PMC - PubMed
LaBrie 2010b {published data only}
    1. LaBrie JW, Hummer JF, Lac A, Lee CM. Direct and indirect effects of injunctive norms on marijuana use: the role of reference groups. Journal of Studies on Alcohol & Drugs 2010;71(6):904‐8. - PMC - PubMed
Larimer 2007 {published data only}
    1. Larimer ME, Lee CM, Kilmer JR, Fabiano PM, Stark CB, Geisner IM. Personalized mailed feedback for college drinking prevention: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2007;75(2):285‐93. - PMC - PubMed
Larimer 2009 {published data only}
    1. Larimer ME, Kaysen DL, Lee CM, Kilmer JR, Lewis MA, Dillworth T, et al. Evaluating level of specificity of normative referents in relation to personal drinking behavior. Journal of Studies on Alcohol & Drugs 2009;Jul(Suppl 16):115‐21. - PMC - PubMed
Lysaught 2004 {published data only}
    1. Lysaught EM, Wodarski JS, Parris H. A comparison of an assessment/information‐based group versus an assessment‐only group: an investigation of drinking reduction with young adults. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment 2004;8(4):23‐43.
Mallett 2010 {published data only}
    1. Mallett KA, Ray AE, Turrisi R, Belden C, Bachrach RL, Larimer ME. Age of drinking onset as a moderator of the efficacy of parent‐based, brief motivational, and combined intervention approaches to reduce drinking and consequences among college students. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research 2010;34(7):1154‐61. - PMC - PubMed
Maney 2002 {published data only}
    1. Maney DW, Mortensen S, Powell MP, Lozinska‐Lee M, Kennedy S, Moore B. Alcohol‐free alternative activities for university students: modeling associated drinking behavior. American Journal of Health Behavior 2002;33(4):225‐33.
Martens 2007 {published data only}
    1. Matthew PM, Ciminib MD, Barrb AR, Riverob EM, Vellis PA, Desemonec GA, et al. Implementing a screening and brief intervention for high‐risk drinking in university‐based health and mental health care settings: reductions in alcohol use and correlates of success. Addictive Behaviors 2007;32(11):2563‐72. - PubMed
Mastroleo 2010 {published data only}
    1. Mastroleo NR, Turrisi R, Carney JV, Ray AE, Larimer ME. Examination of posttraining supervision of peer counselors in a motivational enhancement intervention to reduce drinking in a sample of heavy‐drinking college students. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 2010;39(3):289‐97. - PMC - PubMed
McCambridge 2008a {published data only}
    1. McCambridge J, Day M. Randomized controlled trial of the effects of completing the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test questionnaire on self‐reported hazardous drinking. Addiction (Abingdon, England) 2008;103(2):241‐8. - PubMed
McCambridge 2008b {published data only}
    1. McCambridge J, Slym RL, Strang J. Randomized controlled trial of motivational interviewing compared with drug information and advice for early intervention among young cannabis users. Addiction (Abingdon, England) 2008;103(11):1809‐18. - PubMed
Moreira 2008 {published data only}
    1. Moreira T, Foxcroft DR. The effectiveness of brief personalized normative feedback in reducing alcohol‐related problems amongst university students: protocol for a randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health 2008;8:113. - PMC - PubMed
Murphy 2004 {published data only}
    1. Murphy JG, Benson TA, Vuchinich RE, et al. A comparison of personalized feedback for college student drinkers delivered with and without a motivational interview. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 2004;65:200‐3. - PubMed
Murphy 2005 {published data only}
    1. Murphy JG, Colby SM, Correia CJ, Vuchinich RE. Using behavioral theories of choice to predict drinking outcomes following a brief intervention. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology 2005;13(2):93–101. - PubMed
Murphy 2012 {published data only}
    1. Murphy S, Moore G, Williams A, Moore L. An exploratory cluster randomised trial of a university halls of residence based social norms intervention in Wales, UK. BMC Public Health 2012;12:186. - PMC - PubMed
Nye 1997 {published data only}
    1. Nye EC, Agostinelli G, Smith JE. Enhancing alcohol problem recognition: a self‐regulation model for the effects of self‐focusing and normative information. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 1997;60(5):685‐93. - PubMed
Prince 2010 {published data only}
    1. Prince MA, Carey KB. The malleability of injunctive norms among college students. Addictive Behaviors 2010;35(11):940‐7. - PMC - PubMed
Ragsdale 2010 {published data only}
    1. Ragsdale FR, Gronli TD, Batool N, Haight N, Mehaffey A, McMahon EC, et al. Effect of Red Bull energy drink on cardiovascular and renal function. Amino Acids 2010;38(4):1193‐200. - PubMed
Reilly 2008 {published data only}
    1. Reilly DW, Wood MD. A randomized test of a small‐group interactive social norms intervention. Journal of American College Health 2008;57(1):53‐60. - PubMed
Saitz 2007 {published data only}
    1. Saitz R, Palfai TP, Freedner N, Winter MR, Macdonald A, LU J, et al. Screening and brief intervention online for college students: the iHealth study. Alcohol and Alcoholism 2007;42:28‐36. - PubMed
Schulenberg 2001 {published data only}
    1. Schulenberg J, Maggs JL, Long SW, Sher KJ, Gotham HJ, Baer JS, et al. The problem of college drinking: insights from a developmental perspective. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2001;25(3):473‐7. - PubMed
Scribner 2011 {published data only}
    1. Scribner RA, Theall KP, Mason K, Simonsen N, Schneider SK, Towvim LG, et al. Alcohol prevention on college campuses: the moderating effect of the alcohol environment on the effectiveness of social norms marketing campaigns. Journal of Studies on Alcohol & Drugs 2011;72(2):232‐9. - PMC - PubMed
Segal 2009 {published data only}
    1. Segal DS, Stockwell T. Low alcohol alternatives: a promising strategy for reducing alcohol related harm. International Journal of Drug Policy 2009;20(2):183‐7. - PubMed
Smith 2004 {published data only}
    1. Smith BH. A randomized study of a peer‐led, small group social norming intervention designed to reduce drinking among college students. Journal of Alcohol & Drug Education 2004;47(3):67‐75.
Spijkerman 2010 {published data only}
    1. Spijkerman R, Roek MAE, Vermulst A, Lemmers L, Huiberts A, Engels R. Effectiveness of a web‐based brief alcohol intervention and added value of normative feedback in reducing underage drinking: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2010;12(5):e65. - PMC - PubMed
Ståhlbrandt 2007 {published data only}
    1. Ståhlbrandt H, Johnsson KO, Berglund M. Two‐year outcome of alcohol interventions in Swedish university halls of residence: a cluster randomized trial of a brief skills training program, twelve‐step‐influenced intervention, and controls. Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research 2007;31(3):458‐66. - PubMed
Stamper 2004 {published data only}
    1. Stamper GA, Smith BH, Gant R, Bogle KE. Replicated findings of an evaluation of a brief intervention designed to prevent high‐risk drinking among first‐year college students: implications for social norming theory. Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education 2004;48(2):53.
Steffian 1999 {published data only}
    1. Steffian G. Correction of normative misperceptions: an alcohol abuse prevention program. Journal of Drug Education 1999;29(2):115‐38. - PubMed
Sugarman 2009 {published data only}
    1. Sugarman DE, Carey KB. Drink less or drink slower: the effects of instruction on alcohol consumption and drinking control strategy use. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 2009;23(4):577‐85. - PMC - PubMed
Tevyaw 2007 {published data only}
    1. Tevyaw TO, Borsari B, Colby SM, Monti PM. Peer enhancement of a brief motivational intervention with mandated college students. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 2007;21(1):114‐9. - PMC - PubMed
Thombs 2002 {published data only}
    1. Thombs DL, Hamilton MJ. Effects of a social norm feedback campaign on the drinking norms and behavior of division I student‐athletes. Journal of Drug Education 2002;32(3):227‐44. - PubMed
Tollison 2008 {published data only}
    1. Tollison SJ, Lee CM, Neighbors C, Neil TA, Olson ND, Larimer ME. Questions and reflections: the use of motivational interviewing microskills in a peer‐led brief alcohol intervention for college students. Behavior Therapy 2008;39(2):183‐94. - PMC - PubMed
Trocker 2004 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Trocker MT. Alcohol abuse prevention among fraternity men: addressing individual perceptions and moderating group culture determinants of high‐risk drinking. Dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign, USA 2004.
Turner 2008 {published data only}
    1. Turner J, Perkins HW, Bauerle J. Declining negative consequences related to alcohol misuse among students exposed to a social norms marketing intervention on a college campus. Journal of American College Health 2008;57(1):85‐94. - PubMed
Vernig 2009 {published data only}
    1. Vernig PM, Orsillo SM. Psychophysiological and self‐reported emotional responding in alcohol‐dependent college students: the impact of brief acceptance/mindfulness instruction. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy 2009;38(3):174‐83. - PubMed
Walker 2002 {published data only}
    1. Walker K. Report on a social norm intervention at a south Australian university. Health Promotion Journal of Australia 2002;13(3):211‐3.
Walters 2009b {published data only}
    1. Walters ST, Vader AM, Harris TR, Jouriles EN. Reactivity to alcohol assessment measures: an experimental test. Addiction (Abingdon, England) 2009;104(8):1305‐10. - PMC - PubMed
Werch 2008 {published data only}
    1. Werch CE, Moore MJ, Bian H, DiClemente CC, Ames SC, Weiler RM, et al. Efficacy of a brief image‐based multiple‐behavior intervention for college students. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 2008;36(2):149‐57. - PMC - PubMed
Werch 2010 {published data only}
    1. Werch CE, Moore MJ, Bian H, DiClemente CC, Huang IC, Ames SC, et al. Are effects from a brief multiple behavior intervention for college students sustained over time?. Preventive Medicine 2010;50(1‐2):30‐4. - PMC - PubMed
White 2006 {published data only}
    1. White HR, Morgan TJ, Pugh LA, et al. Evaluating two brief substance‐use interventions for mandated college students. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 2006;67(2):309‐17. - PubMed
White 2007 {published data only}
    1. White HR, Mun EY, Pugh L, Morgan TJ. Long‐term effects of brief substance use interventions for mandated college students: sleeper effects of an in‐person personal feedback intervention. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2007;31(8):1380‐91. - PubMed
White 2008 {published data only}
    1. White HR, Mun EY, Morgan TJ. Do brief personalized feedback interventions work for mandated students or is it just getting caught that works?. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 2008;22(1):107‐16. - PMC - PubMed
Wild 2007 {published data only}
    1. Wild TC, Cunningham JA, Roberts AB. Controlled study of brief personalized assessment‐feedback for drinkers interested in self‐help. Addiction 2007;102(2):241‐50. - PubMed
Young 2010 {published data only}
    1. Young C, Mayson T. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Scale (AUDIT) normative scores for a multiracial sample of Rhodes University residence students. Journal of Child & Adolescent Mental Health 2010;22(1):15‐23. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Croom 2009 {published data only}
    1. Croom K, Lewis D, Marchell T, Lesser ML, Reyna VF, Kubicki‐Bedford L, et al. Impact of an online alcohol education course on behavior and harm for incoming first‐year college students: short‐term evaluation of a randomized trial. Journal of the American College Health Association 2009;57(4):445‐54. - PubMed
Whiteside 2010 {published data only}
    1. Whiteside U. A brief personalized feedback intervention integrating a motivational interviewing therapeutic style and dialectical behavioral therapy skills for depressed or anxious heavy drinking young adults. PhD dissertation, University of Washington, USA.

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