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. 2015 Dec 29;10(12):e0144907.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144907. eCollection 2015.

Cognitive Ageing in Great Britain in the New Century: Cohort Differences in Episodic Memory

Gindo Tampubolon  1
Affiliations

Cognitive Ageing in Great Britain in the New Century: Cohort Differences in Episodic Memory

Gindo Tampubolon. PLoS One. .

Abstract

Background: Dementias in high income countries are set to be the third major burden of disease even as older people are increasingly required to think for themselves how to provide for their lives in retirement. Meanwhile the period of older age continues to extend with increase in life expectancy. This challenge demands an understanding of how cognition changes over an extended period in later life. But studying cognitive ageing in the population faces a difficulty from the fact that older respondents are liable to leave (attrite) before study completion. This study tested three hypotheses: trajectories of cognitive ageing in Britain show an improvement beyond the age of 50; and they are lifted by secular improvement in cognition across cohorts; lastly they are susceptible to distortion due to attrition.

Methods and findings: Using the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, this paper studied trajectories of episodic memory of Britons aged 50-89 from 2002 to 2013 (N = 5931). Using joint models the analysis found that levels of episodic memory follow a curvilinear shape, not a steady decline, in later life. The findings also revealed secular improvement in cognitive ageing such that as a cohort is being replaced episodic memory levels in the population improve. The analysis lastly demonstrated that failure to simultaneously model attrition can produce distorted pictures of cognitive ageing.

Conclusion: Old age in this century is not necessarily a period dominated by cognitive decline. In identifying behavioural factors associated with better cognitive ageing, such as social connections of traditional and online kinds, the paper raises possibilities of mustering an adequate response to the cognition challenge.

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Conflict of interest statement

Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Fig 1
Fig 1. Empirical densities of episodic memory for four cohorts: Pre-Depression (left-most), Depression, War and Post-War (right-most) cohorts (Source: ELSA 2002–2013).
Fig 2
Fig 2. Box plots of episodic memory by education attainment and attrition status as well as by marital status and attrition status. (Source: ELSA 2002–2013).
Fig 3
Fig 3. The curvilinear trajectories of episodic memory and cohort effects in later lives of older Britons. (Source: ELSA 2002–2013).
Fig 4
Fig 4. Delaying cognitive deficits, comparing early (blue) versus recent (red) cohorts.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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