Determining optimal prostate-specific antigen thresholds to identify an increased 4-year risk of prostate cancer development: an analysis within the Veterans Affairs Health Care System

Abstract

Purpose: To assess the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) threshold value that optimally predicts future risk of prostate cancer (overall and by race) for a dispersed US population.

Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of men in the Veterans Affairs (VA) Health Care System database. Men ≥ 40 years with a baseline PSA ≤ 4.0 ng/mL, not receiving 5-alpha reductase inhibitors, and without a prostate cancer diagnosis prior to baseline PSA date were included and followed for 4 years. Patients diagnosed with prostate cancer within 6 months of baseline were excluded. The optimal PSA threshold value for future 4-year prostate cancer risk was determined by maximizing Youden's index.

Results: The eligible population for the final analysis included 41,250 Caucasian (n = 24,518; 59.4 %) and African American (n = 16,732; 40.6 %) patients. The 4-year prostate cancer rate was 3.08 % overall, and race-specific rates were 3.02 and 3.17 % for Caucasian and African American men, respectively. Mean time to prostate cancer diagnosis was 2.01 years across all patients. Race-specific PSA thresholds that optimally predicted future prostate cancer were 2.5 ng/mL [area under the curve (AUC) = 80.3 %] in Caucasians and a 1.9 ng/mL (AUC = 85.4 %) in African Americans; across all patients, a 2.4 ng/mL threshold was optimal (AUC = 82.5 %).

Conclusions: In the VA population, a relatively low PSA threshold of ~2.5 ng/mL was optimal in predicting prostate cancer within 4 years overall and for Caucasian men, but an even lower threshold of 1.9 ng/mL was applicable for African American men.

Keywords: African American; Caucasian; Prostate-specific antigen; Prostatic neoplasms.