Management of pancreatic trauma: A pancreatic surgeon's point of view

Abstract

Background: Pancreatic trauma occurs in 0.2% of patients with blunt trauma and 1-12% of patients with penetrating trauma. Traumatic pancreatic injuries are characterised by high morbidity and mortality, which further increase with delayed diagnoses. The diagnosis of pancreatic trauma is challenging. Signs and symptoms can be non-specific or even absent.

Methods: A critical review of studies reporting the management and outcomes of pancreatic trauma was performed.

Results: The management of pancreatic trauma depends on the haemodynamic stability of the patient, the degree and location of parenchymal injury, the integrity of the main pancreatic duct, and the associated injuries to other organs. Nevertheless, the involvement of the main pancreatic duct is the most important predictive factor of the outcome. The majority of pancreatic traumas are managed by medical treatment (parenteral nutrition, antibiotic therapy and somatostatin analogues), haemostasis, debridement of devitalised tissue and closed external drainage. If a proximal duct injury is diagnosed, endoscopic transpapillary stent insertion can be a viable option, while surgical resection by pancreaticoduodenectomy is restricted to an extremely small number of selected cases. Injuries of the distal parenchyma or distal duct may be managed with distal pancreatectomy with spleen preservation. At the pancreatic neck, when pancreatic transection occurs without damage to the parenchyma, a parenchyma-sparing procedure is feasible.

Conclusion: The management of pancreatic injuries is complex and often requires a multidisciplinary approach. Here, we propose a management algorithm that is based on parenchymal damage and the site of duct injury.

Keywords: Abdominal trauma; Management of pancreatic trauma; Pancreatic injuries; Pancreatic trauma; Parenchyma-sparing pancreatic procedures; Traumatic pancreatic transection.