Intravenous Versus Oral Iron for the Treatment of Anemia in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Abstract

Anemia is the most prevalent extraintestinal complication of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Our aim was to evaluate the comparative efficacy and harm of intravenous (IV) versus oral iron supplementation for correcting anemia in adult IBD patients.We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to integrate evidence from randomized controlled trials having enrolled adults with IBD, and comparing IV versus oral iron (head-to-head) for correcting iron-deficiency anemia. Medline, Embase, Scopus, and the Web of Science database were searched through July 2015. The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, the ClinicalTrials.gov, and international conference proceedings were also investigated. Two reviewers independently abstracted study data and outcomes, and rated each trial's risk-of-bias. Pooled odds ratio (OR) estimates with their 95% CIs were calculated using fixed- and random-effects models.Five eligible studies, including 694 IBD patients, were identified. In meta-analysis, IV iron demonstrated a higher efficacy in achieving a hemoglobin rise of ≥2.0 g/dL as compared to oral iron (OR: 1.57, 95% CI: 1.13, 2.18). Treatment discontinuation rates, due to adverse events or intolerance, were lower in the IV iron groups (OR: 0.27, 95% CI: 0.13, 0.59). Similarly, the occurrence of gastrointestinal adverse events was consistently lower in the IV iron groups. On the contrary, serious adverse events (SAEs) were more frequently reported among patients receiving IV iron preparations (OR: 4.57, 95% CI: 1.11, 18.8); however, the majority of the reported SAEs were judged as unrelated or unlikely to be related to the study medication. We found no evidence of publication bias, or between-study heterogeneity, across all analyses. Risk of bias was high across primary studies, because patients and personnel were not blinded to the intervention.IV iron appears to be more effective and better tolerated than oral iron for the treatment of IBD-associated anemia.

FIGURE 1

Summary of the evidence search and selection process. IBD = inflammatory bowel disease, RCTs = randomized controlled trials.

FIGURE 2

Risk-of-bias assessment for the randomized trials included in the meta-analysis. Symbols: green (+), low risk of bias; yellow (?), unclear risk of bias; red (−), high risk of bias.

FIGURE 3

Forest plot for hemoglobin response (ie, increase of ≥2.0 g/dL): results from individual studies and meta-analysis. CI = confidence interval, IV = intravenous, OR = odds ratio.

FIGURE 4

“Leave-one-out” sensitivity analysis for hemoglobin response (ie, increase of ≥2.0 g/dL): pooled estimates are from random-effects models, with 1 study omitted at a time. CI = confidence interval, OR = odds ratio.

FIGURE 5

Forest plot for treatment discontinuation, due to adverse events or intolerance: results from individual studies and meta-analysis. CI = confidence interval, IV = intravenous, OR = odds ratio.

FIGURE 6

Forest plot for serious adverse events: results from individual studies and meta-analysis. CI = confidence interval, IV = intravenous, OR = odds ratio.