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Review
. 2016 Feb;12(3):399-411.
doi: 10.2217/fon.15.318. Epub 2016 Jan 15.

Biomarkers in localized prostate cancer

Matteo Ferro  1 , Carlo Buonerba  2 , Daniela Terracciano  3 , Giuseppe Lucarelli  4 , Vincenzo Cosimato  3 , Danilo Bottero  1 , Victor M Deliu  1 , Pasquale Ditonno  4 , Sisto Perdonà  5 , Riccardo Autorino  6 , Ioman Coman  7 , Sabino De Placido  2 , Giuseppe Di Lorenzo  2 , Ottavio De Cobelli  1   7
Affiliations
Review

Biomarkers in localized prostate cancer

Matteo Ferro et al. Future Oncol. 2016 Feb.

Abstract

Biomarkers can improve prostate cancer diagnosis and treatment. Accuracy of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) for early diagnosis of prostate cancer is not satisfactory, as it is an organ- but not cancer-specific biomarker, and it can be improved by using models that incorporate PSA along with other test results, such as prostate cancer antigen 3, the molecular forms of PSA (proPSA, benign PSA and intact PSA), as well as kallikreins. Recent reports suggest that new tools may be provided by metabolomic studies as shown by preliminary data on sarcosine. Additional molecular biomarkers have been identified by the use of genomics, proteomics and metabolomics. We review the most relevant biomarkers for early diagnosis and management of localized prostate cancer.

Keywords: biomarkers; prostate cancer.

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Conflict of interest statement

Financial & competing interests disclosure

The authors have no relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript. This includes employment, consultancies, honoraria, stock ownership or options, expert testimony, grants or patents received or pending, or royalties.

No writing assistance was utilized in the production of this manuscript.

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