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Review
. 2016:2016:6397820.
doi: 10.1155/2016/6397820. Epub 2015 Dec 6.

Decellularized Extracellular Matrix as an In Vitro Model to Study the Comprehensive Roles of the ECM in Stem Cell Differentiation

Takashi Hoshiba  1 , Guoping Chen  2 , Chiho Endo  3 , Hiroka Maruyama  3 , Miyuki Wakui  3 , Eri Nemoto  3 , Naoki Kawazoe  2 , Masaru Tanaka  4
Affiliations
Review

Decellularized Extracellular Matrix as an In Vitro Model to Study the Comprehensive Roles of the ECM in Stem Cell Differentiation

Takashi Hoshiba et al. Stem Cells Int. 2016.

Abstract

Stem cells are a promising cell source for regenerative medicine. Stem cell differentiation must be regulated for applications in regenerative medicine. Stem cells are surrounded by extracellular matrix (ECM) in vivo. The ECM is composed of many types of proteins and glycosaminoglycans that assemble into a complex structure. The assembly of ECM molecules influences stem cell differentiation through orchestrated intracellular signaling activated by many ECM molecules. Therefore, it is important to understand the comprehensive role of the ECM in stem cell differentiation as well as the functions of the individual ECM molecules. Decellularized ECM is a useful in vitro model for studying the comprehensive roles of ECM because it retains a native-like structure and composition. Decellularized ECM can be obtained from in vivo tissue ECM or ECM fabricated by cells cultured in vitro. It is important to select the correct decellularized ECM because each type has different properties. In this review, tissue-derived and cell-derived decellularized ECMs are compared as in vitro ECM models to examine the comprehensive roles of the ECM in stem cell differentiation. We also summarize recent studies using decellularized ECM to determine the comprehensive roles of the ECM in stem cell differentiation.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Three regulatory modes of cellular functions. (a) The mechanical stimulation from substrates of different stiffness. (b) Signal activation from soluble factors bound to ECM. (c) Signal activation from adhesion molecules such as integrins. SF indicates soluble factor and GAG indicates glycosaminoglycan.
Figure 2
Figure 2
The concept and preparation procedure of stepwise tissue development-mimicking matrices.
Figure 3
Figure 3
MSC differentiation mechanism on tissue development-mimicking matrices. (a) Role of tissue- and stage-specific ECM in the osteogenesis of MSCs. (b) Role of tissue- and stage-specific ECM in the adipogenesis of MSCs.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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