Nonunion of the Femur and Tibia: An Update

Abstract

Delayed union and nonunion of tibial and femoral shaft fractures are common orthopedic problems. Numerous publications address lower extremity long bone nonunions. This review presents current trends and recent literature on the evaluation and treatment of nonunions of the tibia and femur. New studies focused on tibial nonunion and femoral nonunion are reviewed. A section summarizing recent treatment of atypical femoral fractures associated with bisphosphonate therapy is also included.

Keywords: Atypical femur fractures; Bisphosphonates; Bone grafting; Dynamization; Exchange nailing; Femoral nonunion; Nonunion; Tibial nonunion.