Physiology of Food Intake Control in Children

Abstract

The purpose of this review is to draw attention to the limited information available on food intake (FI) control in children and adolescents 7-17 y of age, which is essential for developing food policies and guidelines in this population. Although environmental factors have been the overwhelming focus of research on the causative factors of obesity, research focusing on the physiologic control of appetite in children and adolescents is a neglected area of research. To present this message, a review of FI regulation and the role of food and food components in signaling processes are followed by an examination of the role of hormones during puberty in intake regulation. To examine the interaction of environment and physiology on FI regulation, the effects of exercise, television programs, and food advertisements are discussed. In conclusion, although limited, this literature review supports a need for children and adolescents to be a greater focus of research that would lead to sound nutrition policies and actions to reduce chronic disease. A focus on the environment must be balanced with an understanding of physiologic and behavioral changes associated with this age group.

Keywords: children; food advertisements; food intake regulation; hormones; macronutrients; physical activity; puberty.

FIGURE 1

Physiology of food intake regulation. Adapted with permission from reference . CNS, central nervous system; GI, gastrointestinal.

FIGURE 2

Interaction of protein and carbohydrate in the regulation of food intake and postprandial glycemia. Glucose control by carbohydrate is shown in red. Glucose control by protein is shown in green. AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; CCK, cholecystokinin; DPP-IV, dipeptidyl peptidase-4; GIP, gastric inhibitory peptide; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide; PYY, peptide YY.