Nutrient-sensing mTORC1: Integration of metabolic and autophagic signals

Abstract

The ability of adult cardiomyocytes to regenerate is limited, and irreversible loss by cell death plays a crucial role in heart diseases. Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved cellular catabolic process through which long-lived proteins and damaged organelles are targeted for lysosomal degradation. Autophagy is important in cardiac homeostasis and can serve as a protective mechanism by providing an energy source, especially in the face of sustained starvation. Cellular metabolism is closely associated with cell survival, and recent evidence suggests that metabolic and autophagic signaling pathways exhibit a high degree of crosstalk and are functionally interdependent. In this review, we discuss recent progress in our understanding of regulation of autophagy and its crosstalk with metabolic signaling, with a focus on the nutrient-sensing mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway.

Keywords: Amino acids; Autophagy; Glucose; Hypoxia; Metabolism; mTORC1.

Figure 1. mTORC1 pathway and autophagy

Figure 2. Amino acid-dependent regulation of mTORC1

Figure 3. Glucose-dependent regulation of mTORC1

Figure 4. Oxygen-dependent and redox dependent regulation of mTORC1