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Review
. 2016 Mar-Apr;20(2):193-204.
doi: 10.1016/j.bjid.2015.10.011. Epub 2016 Jan 14.

TLR2 and TLR4 mediated host immune responses in major infectious diseases: a review

Suprabhat Mukherjee  1 , Subhajit Karmakar  1 , Santi Prasad Sinha Babu  2
Affiliations
Review

TLR2 and TLR4 mediated host immune responses in major infectious diseases: a review

Suprabhat Mukherjee et al. Braz J Infect Dis. 2016 Mar-Apr.

Abstract

During the course of evolution, multicellular organisms have been orchestrated with an efficient and versatile immune system to counteract diverse group of pathogenic organisms. Pathogen recognition is considered as the most critical step behind eliciting adequate immune response during an infection. Hitherto Toll-like receptors (TLRs), especially the surface ones viz. TLR2 and TLR4 have gained immense importance due to their extreme ability of identifying distinct molecular patterns from invading pathogens. These pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) not only act as innate sensor but also shape and bridge innate and adaptive immune responses. In addition, they also play a pivotal role in regulating the balance between Th1 and Th2 type of response essential for the survivability of the host. In this work, major achievements rather findings made on the typical signalling and immunopathological attributes of TLR2 and TLR4 mediated host response against the major infectious diseases have been reviewed. Infectious diseases like tuberculosis, trypanosomiasis, malaria, and filariasis are still posing myriad threat to mankind. Furthermore, increasing resistance of the causative organisms against available therapeutics is also an emerging problem. Thus, stimulation of host immune response with TLR2 and TLR4 agonist can be the option of choice to treat such diseases in future.

Keywords: Filariasis; Malaria; Toll like receptor (TLR); Trypanosomiasis.

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Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Cytokine mediated proinflammatory (Th1) or anti-inflammatory (Th2) polarization of immune cells.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Signalling homology between the Toll-pathway of Drosophila (left) and mammalian TLR pathway (right) in response to extracellular ligand (s).
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Presentation of ligand (LPS) to TLR4 through the coordinated actions of serum LBP, membrane bound CD14 and MD2.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Signalling pathways and their crosstalk in response to specific ligand from pathogen.
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Recognition of ligand and onset of inflammatory response against bacteria, protozoan and nematode parasites.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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