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. 2016 Jan 25;11(1):e0147484.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147484. eCollection 2016.

Pro-Inflammatory Markers in Relation to Cardiovascular Disease in HIV Infection. A Systematic Review

Alinda G Vos  1   2 , Nikmah S Idris  1 , Roos E Barth  2 , Kerstin Klipstein-Grobusch  1 , Diederick E Grobbee  1
Affiliations

Pro-Inflammatory Markers in Relation to Cardiovascular Disease in HIV Infection. A Systematic Review

Alinda G Vos et al. PLoS One. .

Abstract

Background: In the past years many inflammatory markers have been studied in association with clinically manifest cardiovascular disease (CVD) and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) in HIV-infected patients, to obtain insights in the increased cardiovascular risk observed in HIV infection. This systematic review provides an oversight of the current knowledge.

Methods: A search was performed in PubMed, Embase and Cochrane in July 2014, identifying all articles from 1996 onwards addressing the relation between inflammatory markers and CVD or CIMT in HIV-positive adults. Two authors, using predefined criteria, independently conducted the selection of articles, critical appraisal and extraction of the data. Analysis was focused on the immune markers that were most frequently assessed. The review protocol was registered in the PROSPERO database at 11 July 2014 (registration number CRD42014010516). This review was performed according to the PRISMA guideline.

Findings: Forty articles were selected; eight addressing cardiovascular disease (CVD) and thirty-two addressing CIMT. C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and d-dimer were assessed most frequently in relation to the occurrence of CVD; in four out of eight studies. All three markers were positively related to CVD in three out of four studies. Studies addressing CIMT were too heterogeneous with respect to patient populations, inflammatory markers, CIMT measurement protocols and statistical methods to allow for a formal meta-analysis to obtain summary statistics. CRP, IL-6 and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule (sVCAM-1) were the most studied markers in relation to CIMT. None of the inflammatory markers showed an association with CIMT.

Interpretation: This review showed a relation between some inflammatory markers and CVD, however, no consistent relation is observed for CIMT. Statistical approaches that yields effect estimates and standardized CIMT protocols should be chosen. Further research should focus on prospective studies and a selected set of inflammatory markers.

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Conflict of interest statement

Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Fig 1
Fig 1. Flowchart inclusion.
AI: augmentation index, ABI: ankle brachial index, CIMT: carotid intima media thickness, CVD: cardiovascular disease, FMD: flow mediated dilation, PWV: pulse wave velocity.
Fig 2
Fig 2. Summary of risk of bias.
Fig 3
Fig 3. Increased CRP, IL-6 and d-dimer and risk of cardiovascular disease.
1. Confidence interval unknown. 2. Confidence interval provided by author on request.
Fig 4
Fig 4. Relation of CRP, IL-6 and sVCAM-1 versus CIMT.
1. Only non-significant was reported, the p-value was set at 0.25, 2. Mean cIMT (p-value not significant, bifurcation IMT p0.07), 3. Bulb CIMT (p0.02), total CIMT not significant, 4. Significant for carotid plaque, not for CCA-IMT, 5. Mentioned twice since the study of 2014 presented additional follow-up data for a subset of patients, Rho value >0.5 or < -0.5.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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