Global and National Burden of Diseases and Injuries Among Children and Adolescents Between 1990 and 2013: Findings From the Global Burden of Disease 2013 Study

doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.4276

. 2016 Mar;170(3):267-87.

doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.4276.

Global and National Burden of Diseases and Injuries Among Children and Adolescents Between 1990 and 2013: Findings From the Global Burden of Disease 2013 Study

Global Burden of Disease Pediatrics Collaboration; Hmwe H Kyu¹, Christine Pinho¹, Joseph A Wagner¹, Jonathan C Brown¹, Amelia Bertozzi-Villa¹, Fiona J Charlson², Luc Edgar Coffeng³, Lalit Dandona⁴, Holly E Erskine², Alize J Ferrari², Christina Fitzmaurice⁵, Thomas D Fleming¹, Mohammad H Forouzanfar¹, Nicholas Graetz¹, Caterina Guinovart¹, Juanita Haagsma³, Hideki Higashi¹, Nicholas J Kassebaum⁶, Heidi J Larson⁷, Stephen S Lim¹, Ali H Mokdad¹, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh⁸, Shaun V Odell⁹, Gregory A Roth¹, Peter T Serina¹, Jeffrey D Stanaway¹, Awoke Misganaw¹, Harvey A Whiteford², Timothy M Wolock¹, Sarah Wulf Hanson¹, Foad Abd-Allah¹⁰, Semaw Ferede Abera¹¹, Laith J Abu-Raddad¹², Fadia S AlBuhairan¹³, Azmeraw T Amare¹⁴, Carl Abelardo T Antonio¹⁵, Al Artaman¹⁶, Suzanne L Barker-Collo¹⁷, Lope H Barrero¹⁸, Corina Benjet¹⁹, Isabela M Bensenor²⁰, Zulfiqar A Bhutta²¹, Boris Bikbov²², Alexandra Brazinova²³, Ismael Campos-Nonato²⁴, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela²⁵, Ferrán Catalá-López²⁶, Rajiv Chowdhury²⁷, Cyrus Cooper²⁸, John A Crump²⁹, Rakhi Dandona³⁰, Louisa Degenhardt³¹, Robert P Dellavalle³², Samath D Dharmaratne³³, Emerito Jose A Faraon³⁴, Valery L Feigin³⁵, Thomas Fürst³⁶, Johanna M Geleijnse³⁷, Bradford D Gessner³⁸, Katherine B Gibney³⁹, Atsushi Goto⁴⁰, David Gunnell⁴¹, Graeme J Hankey⁴², Roderick J Hay⁴³, John C Hornberger⁴⁴, H Dean Hosgood⁴⁵, Guoqing Hu⁴⁶, Kathryn H Jacobsen⁴⁷, Sudha P Jayaraman⁴⁸, Panniyammakal Jeemon⁴⁹, Jost B Jonas⁵⁰, André Karch⁵¹, Daniel Kim⁵², Sungroul Kim⁵³, Yoshihiro Kokubo⁵⁴, Barthelemy Kuate Defo⁵⁵, Burcu Kucuk Bicer⁵⁶, G Anil Kumar³⁰, Anders Larsson⁵⁷, Janet L Leasher⁵⁸, Ricky Leung⁵⁹, Yongmei Li⁶⁰, Steven E Lipshultz⁶¹, Alan D Lopez⁶², Paulo A Lotufo²⁰, Raimundas Lunevicius⁶³, Ronan A Lyons⁶⁴, Marek Majdan⁶⁵, Reza Malekzadeh⁶⁶, Taufiq Mashal⁶⁷, Amanda J Mason-Jones⁶⁸, Yohannes Adama Melaku⁶⁹, Ziad A Memish⁷⁰, Walter Mendoza⁷¹, Ted R Miller⁷², Charles N Mock⁷³, Joseph Murray⁷⁴, Sandra Nolte⁷⁵, In-Hwan Oh⁷⁶, Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya⁷⁷, Katrina F Ortblad⁷⁸, Eun-Kee Park⁷⁹, Angel J Paternina Caicedo⁸⁰, Scott B Patten⁸¹, George C Patton⁸², David M Pereira⁸³, Norberto Perico⁸⁴, Frédéric B Piel⁸⁵, Suzanne Polinder⁸⁶, Svetlana Popova⁸⁷, Farshad Pourmalek⁸⁸, D Alex Quistberg⁸⁹, Giuseppe Remuzzi⁹⁰, Alina Rodriguez⁹¹, David Rojas-Rueda⁹², Dietrich Rothenbacher⁹³, David H Rothstein⁹⁴, Juan Sanabria⁹⁵, Itamar S Santos⁹⁶, David C Schwebel⁹⁷, Sadaf G Sepanlou⁶⁶, Amira Shaheen⁹⁸, Rahman Shiri⁹⁹, Ivy Shiue¹⁰⁰, Vegard Skirbekk¹⁰¹, Karen Sliwa¹⁰², Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy¹⁰³, Dan J Stein¹⁰⁴, Timothy J Steiner¹⁰⁵, Lars Jacob Stovner¹⁰⁶, Bryan L Sykes¹⁰⁷, Karen M Tabb¹⁰⁸, Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi¹⁰⁹, Alan J Thomson¹¹⁰, Andrew L Thorne-Lyman¹¹¹, Jeffrey Allen Towbin¹¹², Kingsley Nnanna Ukwaja¹¹³, Tommi Vasankari¹¹⁴, Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian¹¹⁵, Vasiliy Victorovich Vlassov¹¹⁶, Stein Emil Vollset¹¹⁷, Elisabete Weiderpass¹¹⁸, Robert G Weintraub¹¹⁹, Andrea Werdecker¹²⁰, James D Wilkinson⁶¹, Solomon Meseret Woldeyohannes¹²¹, Charles D A Wolfe¹²², Yuichiro Yano¹²³, Paul Yip¹²⁴, Naohiro Yonemoto¹²⁵, Seok-Jun Yoon¹²⁶, Mustafa Z Younis¹²⁷, Chuanhua Yu¹²⁸, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki¹²⁹, Mohsen Naghavi¹, Christopher J L Murray¹, Theo Vos¹

Affiliations

¹ Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.
² Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle2School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia3Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Brisbane, Australia.
³ Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle4Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
⁴ Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle5Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India.
⁵ Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle6Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle7Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.
⁶ Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle8Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington.
⁷ Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle9Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, England.
⁸ Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle10Department of Community Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁹ University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle12Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington13Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah.
¹⁰ Department of Neurology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
¹¹ Kilte Awlaelo Health and Demographic Surveillance Site, Mekelle, Ethiopia16School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
¹² Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Doha, Qatar.
¹³ King Abdullah Specialized Children's Hospital, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia19King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
¹⁴ Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands21College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia22Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
¹⁵ Department of Health Policy and Administration, College of Public Health, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines.
¹⁶ Consultant, Windsor, Ontario, Canada.
¹⁷ School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
¹⁸ Department of Industrial Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia.
¹⁹ National Institute of Psychiatry Ramon de la Fuente, Mexico City, Mexico.
²⁰ University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
²¹ Medical Center, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan30The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
²² A. I. Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow, Russia32Academician V. I. Shumakov Federal Research Center of Transplantology and Artificial Organs, Moscow, Russia.
²³ International Neurotrama Research Organization, Vienna, Austria34Faculty of Health Sciences and Social Work, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia.
²⁴ National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico36School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts.
²⁵ Colombian National Health Observatory, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia38Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, Public Health Department, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.
²⁶ Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada40Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, INCLIVA/CIBERSAM, Valencia, Spain.
²⁷ Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England.
²⁸ MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, England43National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, S.
²⁹ Centre for International Health, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
³⁰ Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India.
³¹ National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
³² University of Colorado School of Medicine and the Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora.
³³ Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.
³⁴ Department of Health Policy and Administration, College of Public Health, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines49Office for Technical Services, Department of Health, Manila, Philippines.
³⁵ National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
³⁶ Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, England.
³⁷ Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
³⁸ Agence de Medecine Preventive, Paris, France.
³⁹ Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia55Melbourne Health, Parkville, Australia.
⁴⁰ Department of Public Health, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
⁴¹ School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, England.
⁴² School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia59Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, Australia60Western Australian Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, Australia.
⁴³ International Foundation for Dermatology, London, England62King's College London, London, England.
⁴⁴ Cedar Associates, Menlo Park, California64Stanford University, Stanford, California.
⁴⁵ Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.
⁴⁶ Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China.
⁴⁷ George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia.
⁴⁸ Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond.
⁴⁹ Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India70Centre for Control of Chronic Conditions, Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India.
⁵⁰ Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
⁵¹ Epidemiological and Statistical Methods Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany73Hannover-Braunschweig Site, German Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.
⁵² Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts.
⁵³ Soonchunhyang University, Seoul, South Korea.
⁵⁴ Department of Preventive Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan.
⁵⁵ Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, University of Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada78Department of Demography, University of Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada79Public Health Research Institute, University of Montreal.
⁵⁶ Institute of Public Health, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
⁵⁷ Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
⁵⁸ Nova Southeastern University College of Optometry, Fort Lauderdale, Florida.
⁵⁹ State University of New York at Albany, Rensselaer.
⁶⁰ Genentech, South San Francisco, California.
⁶¹ School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan86Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit.
⁶² Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
⁶³ Aintree University Hospital National Health Service Foundation Trust, Liverpool, England89School of Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, England.
⁶⁴ Farr Institute, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales.
⁶⁵ Faculty of Health Sciences and Social Work, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia.
⁶⁶ Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁶⁷ Ministry of Public Health, Kabul, Afghanistan.
⁶⁸ Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, England.
⁶⁹ School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia94School of Public Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia95School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
⁷⁰ Saudi Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia97College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
⁷¹ United Nations Population Fund, Lima, Peru.
⁷² Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Calverton, Maryland100Centre for Population Health Research, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.
⁷³ Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle.
⁷⁴ Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England.
⁷⁵ Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany104Population Health Strategic Research Centre, School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australi.
⁷⁶ Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.
⁷⁷ Center for Healthy Start Initiative, Ikoyi, Nigeria.
⁷⁸ Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts.
⁷⁹ Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine, College of Medicine, Kosin University, Busan, South Korea.
⁸⁰ Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia.
⁸¹ Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
⁸² Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
⁸³ REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
⁸⁴ Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Bergamo, Italy.
⁸⁵ Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, England.
⁸⁶ Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
⁸⁷ Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
⁸⁸ School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
⁸⁹ Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle117Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle.
⁹⁰ Centro Anna Maria Astori, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Bergamo, Italy119Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy.
⁹¹ Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, England121Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden.
⁹² Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain.
⁹³ Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
⁹⁴ Department of Pediatric Surgery, Women and Children's Hospital of Buffalo, Buffalo, New York125Department of Surgery, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo.
⁹⁵ Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio127Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, Cancer Treatment Centers of America, North Chicago, Illinois.
⁹⁶ Internal Medicine Department, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
⁹⁷ University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham.
⁹⁸ Department of Public Health, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.
⁹⁹ Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland132School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
¹⁰⁰ Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, England134Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland.
¹⁰¹ Columbia University, New York, New York.
¹⁰² Faculty of Health Sciences, Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
¹⁰³ Department of Community Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
¹⁰⁴ Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa139South African Medical Research Council Unit on Anxiety and Stress Disorders, Cape Town, South Africa.
¹⁰⁵ Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, England141Department of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
¹⁰⁶ Department of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway142Norwegian Advisory Unit on Headache, St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.
¹⁰⁷ Department of Criminology, Law and Society, University of California, Irvine144Department of Sociology, University of California, Irvine145Department of Public Health, University of California, Irvine.
¹⁰⁸ School of Social Work, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign.
¹⁰⁹ Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville148Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio149Department of Anesthesiology, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
¹¹⁰ Adaptive Knowledge Management, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.
¹¹¹ Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts152WorldFish, Penang, Malaysia.
¹¹² Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee154University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis155St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee.
¹¹³ Department of Internal Medicine, Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria.
¹¹⁴ UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland.
¹¹⁵ Raffles Neuroscience Centre, Raffles Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.
¹¹⁶ National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia.
¹¹⁷ Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway161Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
¹¹⁸ Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden163Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute of Population-Based Cancer Research, Oslo, Norway164Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of H.
¹¹⁹ University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia167Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia168Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.
¹²⁰ Competence Center Mortality Follow-up of the German National Cohort, Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany.
¹²¹ Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
¹²² Division of Health and Social Care Research, King's College London, London, England172National Institute for Health Research Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' National Health Service Foundation Trust and King's College London.
¹²³ Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.
¹²⁴ Social Work and Social Administration Department, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China175Hong Kong Jockey Club Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
¹²⁵ National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan.
¹²⁶ Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.
¹²⁷ Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi.
¹²⁸ Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China180Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
¹²⁹ Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt.

PMID: 26810619
PMCID: PMC5076765
DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.4276

Global and National Burden of Diseases and Injuries Among Children and Adolescents Between 1990 and 2013: Findings From the Global Burden of Disease 2013 Study

Global Burden of Disease Pediatrics Collaboration et al. JAMA Pediatr. 2016 Mar.

. 2016 Mar;170(3):267-87.

doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.4276.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.
² Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle2School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia3Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Brisbane, Australia.
³ Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle4Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
⁴ Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle5Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India.
⁵ Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle6Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle7Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.
⁶ Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle8Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington.
⁷ Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle9Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, England.
⁸ Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle10Department of Community Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁹ University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle12Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington13Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah.
¹⁰ Department of Neurology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
¹¹ Kilte Awlaelo Health and Demographic Surveillance Site, Mekelle, Ethiopia16School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
¹² Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Doha, Qatar.
¹³ King Abdullah Specialized Children's Hospital, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia19King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
¹⁴ Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands21College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia22Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
¹⁵ Department of Health Policy and Administration, College of Public Health, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines.
¹⁶ Consultant, Windsor, Ontario, Canada.
¹⁷ School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
¹⁸ Department of Industrial Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia.
¹⁹ National Institute of Psychiatry Ramon de la Fuente, Mexico City, Mexico.
²⁰ University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
²¹ Medical Center, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan30The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
²² A. I. Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow, Russia32Academician V. I. Shumakov Federal Research Center of Transplantology and Artificial Organs, Moscow, Russia.
²³ International Neurotrama Research Organization, Vienna, Austria34Faculty of Health Sciences and Social Work, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia.
²⁴ National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico36School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts.
²⁵ Colombian National Health Observatory, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia38Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, Public Health Department, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.
²⁶ Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada40Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, INCLIVA/CIBERSAM, Valencia, Spain.
²⁷ Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England.
²⁸ MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, England43National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, S.
²⁹ Centre for International Health, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
³⁰ Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India.
³¹ National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
³² University of Colorado School of Medicine and the Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora.
³³ Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.
³⁴ Department of Health Policy and Administration, College of Public Health, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines49Office for Technical Services, Department of Health, Manila, Philippines.
³⁵ National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
³⁶ Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, England.
³⁷ Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
³⁸ Agence de Medecine Preventive, Paris, France.
³⁹ Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia55Melbourne Health, Parkville, Australia.
⁴⁰ Department of Public Health, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
⁴¹ School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, England.
⁴² School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia59Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, Australia60Western Australian Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, Australia.
⁴³ International Foundation for Dermatology, London, England62King's College London, London, England.
⁴⁴ Cedar Associates, Menlo Park, California64Stanford University, Stanford, California.
⁴⁵ Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.
⁴⁶ Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China.
⁴⁷ George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia.
⁴⁸ Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond.
⁴⁹ Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India70Centre for Control of Chronic Conditions, Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India.
⁵⁰ Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
⁵¹ Epidemiological and Statistical Methods Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany73Hannover-Braunschweig Site, German Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.
⁵² Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts.
⁵³ Soonchunhyang University, Seoul, South Korea.
⁵⁴ Department of Preventive Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan.
⁵⁵ Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, University of Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada78Department of Demography, University of Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada79Public Health Research Institute, University of Montreal.
⁵⁶ Institute of Public Health, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
⁵⁷ Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
⁵⁸ Nova Southeastern University College of Optometry, Fort Lauderdale, Florida.
⁵⁹ State University of New York at Albany, Rensselaer.
⁶⁰ Genentech, South San Francisco, California.
⁶¹ School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan86Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit.
⁶² Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
⁶³ Aintree University Hospital National Health Service Foundation Trust, Liverpool, England89School of Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, England.
⁶⁴ Farr Institute, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales.
⁶⁵ Faculty of Health Sciences and Social Work, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia.
⁶⁶ Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁶⁷ Ministry of Public Health, Kabul, Afghanistan.
⁶⁸ Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, England.
⁶⁹ School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia94School of Public Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia95School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
⁷⁰ Saudi Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia97College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
⁷¹ United Nations Population Fund, Lima, Peru.
⁷² Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Calverton, Maryland100Centre for Population Health Research, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.
⁷³ Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle.
⁷⁴ Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England.
⁷⁵ Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany104Population Health Strategic Research Centre, School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australi.
⁷⁶ Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.
⁷⁷ Center for Healthy Start Initiative, Ikoyi, Nigeria.
⁷⁸ Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts.
⁷⁹ Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine, College of Medicine, Kosin University, Busan, South Korea.
⁸⁰ Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia.
⁸¹ Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
⁸² Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
⁸³ REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
⁸⁴ Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Bergamo, Italy.
⁸⁵ Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, England.
⁸⁶ Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
⁸⁷ Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
⁸⁸ School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
⁸⁹ Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle117Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle.
⁹⁰ Centro Anna Maria Astori, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Bergamo, Italy119Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy.
⁹¹ Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, England121Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden.
⁹² Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain.
⁹³ Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
⁹⁴ Department of Pediatric Surgery, Women and Children's Hospital of Buffalo, Buffalo, New York125Department of Surgery, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo.
⁹⁵ Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio127Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, Cancer Treatment Centers of America, North Chicago, Illinois.
⁹⁶ Internal Medicine Department, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
⁹⁷ University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham.
⁹⁸ Department of Public Health, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.
⁹⁹ Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland132School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
¹⁰⁰ Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, England134Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland.
¹⁰¹ Columbia University, New York, New York.
¹⁰² Faculty of Health Sciences, Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
¹⁰³ Department of Community Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
¹⁰⁴ Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa139South African Medical Research Council Unit on Anxiety and Stress Disorders, Cape Town, South Africa.
¹⁰⁵ Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, England141Department of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
¹⁰⁶ Department of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway142Norwegian Advisory Unit on Headache, St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.
¹⁰⁷ Department of Criminology, Law and Society, University of California, Irvine144Department of Sociology, University of California, Irvine145Department of Public Health, University of California, Irvine.
¹⁰⁸ School of Social Work, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign.
¹⁰⁹ Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville148Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio149Department of Anesthesiology, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
¹¹⁰ Adaptive Knowledge Management, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.
¹¹¹ Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts152WorldFish, Penang, Malaysia.
¹¹² Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee154University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis155St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee.
¹¹³ Department of Internal Medicine, Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria.
¹¹⁴ UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland.
¹¹⁵ Raffles Neuroscience Centre, Raffles Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.
¹¹⁶ National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia.
¹¹⁷ Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway161Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
¹¹⁸ Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden163Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute of Population-Based Cancer Research, Oslo, Norway164Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of H.
¹¹⁹ University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia167Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia168Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.
¹²⁰ Competence Center Mortality Follow-up of the German National Cohort, Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany.
¹²¹ Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
¹²² Division of Health and Social Care Research, King's College London, London, England172National Institute for Health Research Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' National Health Service Foundation Trust and King's College London.
¹²³ Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.
¹²⁴ Social Work and Social Administration Department, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China175Hong Kong Jockey Club Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
¹²⁵ National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan.
¹²⁶ Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.
¹²⁷ Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi.
¹²⁸ Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China180Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
¹²⁹ Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt.

PMID: 26810619
PMCID: PMC5076765
DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.4276

Abstract

Importance: The literature focuses on mortality among children younger than 5 years. Comparable information on nonfatal health outcomes among these children and the fatal and nonfatal burden of diseases and injuries among older children and adolescents is scarce.

Objective: To determine levels and trends in the fatal and nonfatal burden of diseases and injuries among younger children (aged <5 years), older children (aged 5-9 years), and adolescents (aged 10-19 years) between 1990 and 2013 in 188 countries from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2013 study.

Evidence review: Data from vital registration, verbal autopsy studies, maternal and child death surveillance, and other sources covering 14,244 site-years (ie, years of cause of death data by geography) from 1980 through 2013 were used to estimate cause-specific mortality. Data from 35,620 epidemiological sources were used to estimate the prevalence of the diseases and sequelae in the GBD 2013 study. Cause-specific mortality for most causes was estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble Model strategy. For some infectious diseases (eg, HIV infection/AIDS, measles, hepatitis B) where the disease process is complex or the cause of death data were insufficient or unavailable, we used natural history models. For most nonfatal health outcomes, DisMod-MR 2.0, a Bayesian metaregression tool, was used to meta-analyze the epidemiological data to generate prevalence estimates.

Findings: Of the 7.7 (95% uncertainty interval [UI], 7.4-8.1) million deaths among children and adolescents globally in 2013, 6.28 million occurred among younger children, 0.48 million among older children, and 0.97 million among adolescents. In 2013, the leading causes of death were lower respiratory tract infections among younger children (905.059 deaths; 95% UI, 810,304-998,125), diarrheal diseases among older children (38,325 deaths; 95% UI, 30,365-47,678), and road injuries among adolescents (115,186 deaths; 95% UI, 105,185-124,870). Iron deficiency anemia was the leading cause of years lived with disability among children and adolescents, affecting 619 (95% UI, 618-621) million in 2013. Large between-country variations exist in mortality from leading causes among children and adolescents. Countries with rapid declines in all-cause mortality between 1990 and 2013 also experienced large declines in most leading causes of death, whereas countries with the slowest declines had stagnant or increasing trends in the leading causes of death. In 2013, Nigeria had a 12% global share of deaths from lower respiratory tract infections and a 38% global share of deaths from malaria. India had 33% of the world's deaths from neonatal encephalopathy. Half of the world's diarrheal deaths among children and adolescents occurred in just 5 countries: India, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Pakistan, Nigeria, and Ethiopia.

Conclusions and relevance: Understanding the levels and trends of the leading causes of death and disability among children and adolescents is critical to guide investment and inform policies. Monitoring these trends over time is also key to understanding where interventions are having an impact. Proven interventions exist to prevent or treat the leading causes of unnecessary death and disability among children and adolescents. The findings presented here show that these are underused and give guidance to policy makers in countries where more attention is needed.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Dr. Kassebaum reports personal fees and non-financial support from Vifor Pharmaceuticals, Axon Communications LLC and Merck & Co outside the submitted work. KPG was awarded the NHMRC-Gustav Nossal Postgraduate Award sponsored by CSL; this award is peer reviewed and CSL had no part in selecting the awardee. Prof. Lotufo reports honoraria (modest) from Abbvie for one lecture. Walter Mendoza is program analyst at the UNFPA country office in Peru, which not necessarily endorses the study. Prof. Santos reports receiving a grant from São Paulo Research Foundation/FAPESP (Brazilian governmental research agency) for research purposes. In the past 3 years, Dr. Stein has received research grants and/or consultancy honoraria from AMBRF, Biocodex, Cipla, Lundbeck, National Responsible Gambling Foundation, Novartis, Servier, and Sun. No other conflicts are reported.

Figures

**Figure 1a. Top 25 Global Causes of Death for the Largest 50 Countries by Child and Adolescent Population, Both Sexes, Ages 0 to 19, 2013**
Footnote (Figure 1a): Colors correspond to the ranking of the leading causes of death, with dark red as the most common cause and dark green as the least common cause for the location indicated. The numbers inside each box indicate the ranking.

**Figure 1b. Top 25 Global Causes of Death for the Largest 50 Countries by Child and Adolescent Population, Under 5, Both Sexes, 2013**
Footnote (Figure 1b): Colors correspond to the ranking of the leading causes of death, with dark red as the most common cause and dark green as the least common cause for the location indicated. The numbers inside each box indicate the ranking.

**Figure 2. Top cause of death by country for ages 0 to 19, both sexes, 2013**
Footnote (Figure 2): “Foreign Body” refers to “foreign body in lung and pulmonary aspiration”. “Neonatal Encephalopathy” refers to “neonatal encephalopathy following birth trauma and asphyxia”.

**Figure 3. Age-standardized DALY rate (per 100,000), ages 0 to 19, 2013**

**Figure 4a. Top 25 global causes of DALYs, ages 0 to 19, both sexes, 1990 and 2013**
Footnote 1 (Figure 4a): Causes connecting with lines show changes in ranks between 1990 and 2013. The second column on the right-hand side shows the mean DALY counts. The third and fourth columns on the right-hand side show the median percent changes (calculated at the 1000 draw level) in the number and rates of global DALYs. Footnote 2 (Figure 4a): *Changes that are statistically significant.

**Figure 4b. Top 25 global causes of DALYs, under 5, both sexes, 1990 and 2013**
Footnote 1 (Figure 4b): Causes connecting with lines show changes in ranks between 1990 and 2013. The second column on the right-hand side shows the mean DALY counts. The third and fourth columns on the right-hand side show the median percent changes (calculated at the 1000 draw level) in the number and rates of global DALYs. Footnote 2 (Figure 4b): *Changes that are statistically significant.

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Comment in

The Grand Divergence in Global Child Health: Confronting Data Requirements in Areas of Conflict and Chronic Political Instability.
Wise PH, Darmstadt GL. Wise PH, et al. JAMA Pediatr. 2016 Mar;170(3):195-7. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.4275. JAMA Pediatr. 2016. PMID: 26809944 No abstract available.

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References

1. Naghavi M, Wang H, Lozano R, et al. Global, regional, and national age–sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet. 2015;385(9963):117–171. - PMC - PubMed
1. Wang H, Liddell CA, Coates MM, et al. Global, regional, and national levels of neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortality during 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet. 2014;384(9947):957–979. - PMC - PubMed
1. United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) The State of the World’s Children 2011. Adolescence: An age of opportunity. [Accessed May 28, 2015];2011 http://www.unicef.org/sowc2011/pdfs/SOWC-2011-Main-Report_EN_02092011.pdf.
1. Murray CJL, Ezzati M, Flaxman AD, et al. GBD 2010: design, definitions, and metrics. The Lancet. 2013;380(9859):2063–2066. - PubMed
1. Vos T, Barber RM, Bell B, et al. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and YLDs for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries for 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet. 2015 doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60692-4. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

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[1] Naghavi M, Wang H, Lozano R, et al. Global, regional, and national age–sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet. 2015;385(9963):117–171. - PMC - PubMed

[2] Naghavi M, Wang H, Lozano R, et al. Global, regional, and national age–sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet. 2015;385(9963):117–171. - PMC - PubMed

[3] Wang H, Liddell CA, Coates MM, et al. Global, regional, and national levels of neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortality during 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet. 2014;384(9947):957–979. - PMC - PubMed

[4] Wang H, Liddell CA, Coates MM, et al. Global, regional, and national levels of neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortality during 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet. 2014;384(9947):957–979. - PMC - PubMed

[5] United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) The State of the World’s Children 2011. Adolescence: An age of opportunity. [Accessed May 28, 2015];2011 http://www.unicef.org/sowc2011/pdfs/SOWC-2011-Main-Report_EN_02092011.pdf.

[6] United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) The State of the World’s Children 2011. Adolescence: An age of opportunity. [Accessed May 28, 2015];2011 http://www.unicef.org/sowc2011/pdfs/SOWC-2011-Main-Report_EN_02092011.pdf.

[7] Murray CJL, Ezzati M, Flaxman AD, et al. GBD 2010: design, definitions, and metrics. The Lancet. 2013;380(9859):2063–2066. - PubMed

[8] Murray CJL, Ezzati M, Flaxman AD, et al. GBD 2010: design, definitions, and metrics. The Lancet. 2013;380(9859):2063–2066. - PubMed

[9] Vos T, Barber RM, Bell B, et al. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and YLDs for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries for 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet. 2015 doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60692-4. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[10] Vos T, Barber RM, Bell B, et al. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and YLDs for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries for 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet. 2015 doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60692-4. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

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Global and National Burden of Diseases and Injuries Among Children and Adolescents Between 1990 and 2013: Findings From the Global Burden of Disease 2013 Study

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Global and National Burden of Diseases and Injuries Among Children and Adolescents Between 1990 and 2013: Findings From the Global Burden of Disease 2013 Study

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