Potential biological efficacy of Pinus plant species against oxidative, inflammatory and microbial disorders

Abstract

Background: Traditionally, Pine has been used to treat oxidative and inflammatory disorders. The study was aimed to investigate biological potential of phytoconstituents of Pinus plant species: Pinus roxburghii, Pinus wallichiana and Pinus gerardiana using in-vitro antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial methods.

Method: The hydro-alcoholic extraction of dried plant: stem bark was done and the antioxidant activity was evaluated using free radical scavenging methods for 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, (DPPH), nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide radicals, reducing power assays, and total antioxidant capacity. Anti-inflammatory activity was carried out using albumin denaturation and HRBC membrane stabilization assays. Antimicrobial and antifungal activities were also conducted using agar well diffusion method.

Results: The qualitative phytochemical analysis of hydro-alcoholic stem bark extracts of three plant species revealed the presence of various biochemical compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, triterpenoids and saponins. Quantitative phytochemical analysis of plant extracts showed the presence of phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, beta-carotene and lycopene. Plant extracts of three pinus species showed significant antioxidant activity against DPPH, nitric oxide and H2O2 radicals. In in-vitro anti-inflammatory investigation, Pinus roxburghii exhibited highest protection against albumin denaturation 86.54 ± 1.85 whereas Pinus gerardiana showed 82.03 ± 2.67. Moreover, plant extracts were found to prevent the growth of microorganisms Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans showing promising antibacterial and antifungal activities againstCandida albicans.

Conclusion: The findings of the present study derived the rational for the therapeutic usage of Pinus which is a highly timber yielding plant from Himalayan region, against oxidative, inflammatory and microbial diseases.

Fig. 1

Antioxidant activities of the plant extracts estimated using: a DPPH radical scavenging activity, b Nitric oxide Radical scavenging activity, and c Hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging activity; * p < 0.05 vs control at respective concentration

Fig. 2

Bacterial inhibition zone using plant extracts: P.roxburghii extract: (1) K. pueumoniae, (2) P aeruriginosa, (3) S. aureus, (4) E. coli; P. wallichiana and P. gerardiana extracts: (5) K. pueumoniae, (6) E. coli, (7) P. aeruriginosa, (8) S. aureus

Fig. 3

Fungal inhibition zone using plant extracts: P.roxburghii extract (1) and P.wallichiana and P. gerardiana (2) against Candida albicans; P.roxburghii (3) and P. wallichiana and P.gerardiana (4) against Saccharomyces cereveseae