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Review
. 2016 Jan 28;14(2):30.
doi: 10.3390/md14020030.

Yessotoxin, a Promising Therapeutic Tool

Amparo Alfonso  1 , Mercedes R Vieytes  2 , Luis M Botana  3
Affiliations
Review

Yessotoxin, a Promising Therapeutic Tool

Amparo Alfonso et al. Mar Drugs. .

Abstract

Yessotoxin (YTX) is a polyether compound produced by dinoflagellates and accumulated in filter feeding shellfish. No records about human intoxications induced by this compound have been published, however it is considered a toxin. Modifications in second messenger levels, protein levels, immune cells, cytoskeleton or activation of different cellular death types have been published as consequence of YTX exposure. This review summarizes the main intracellular pathways modulated by YTX and their pharmacological and therapeutic implications.

Keywords: Alzheimer; apoptosis; autophagy; cellular death; cytoskeleton; glucose metabolism; immune system; signal transduction; yessotoxin (YTX).

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Structure of yessotoxins (YTXs).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Cross-talks between second messengers and main intracellular organelles involved in the mechanism of action of YTX. Straight lines: pathway directly modulated by YTX. Dotted lines: Calcium levels affect YTX modulation on cGMP, cAMP, AKAP149-PKA-PDEs complex and mitochondria activity. Dashed lines: the effect of YTX is possibly mediated by the modulation of AKAP149-PKA-PDEs complex.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Cellular death types (paraptosis, apoptosis and autophagy) and associated hallmarks affected after YTX treatment. In some cellular models, after YTX treatment, autophagy is activated and cellular proliferation arrested, however no cellular death is associated.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Summary of cellular lines no affected by YTX treatment [73].
Figure 5
Figure 5
Summary of different effects of YTX.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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