Impaired nitric oxide production in children with MELAS syndrome and the effect of arginine and citrulline supplementation

Abstract

Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) syndrome is one of the most frequent maternally inherited mitochondrial disorders. The pathogenesis of this syndrome is not fully understood and believed to result from several interacting mechanisms including impaired mitochondrial energy production, microvasculature angiopathy, and nitric oxide (NO) deficiency. NO deficiency in MELAS syndrome is likely to be multifactorial in origin with the decreased availability of the NO precursors, arginine and citrulline, playing a major role. In this study we used stable isotope infusion techniques to assess NO production in children with MELAS syndrome and healthy pediatric controls. We also assessed the effect of oral arginine and citrulline supplementations on NO production in children with MELAS syndrome. When compared to control subjects, children with MELAS syndrome were found to have lower NO production, arginine flux, plasma arginine, and citrulline flux. In children with MELAS syndrome, arginine supplementation resulted in increased NO production, arginine flux, and arginine concentration. Citrulline supplementation resulted in a greater increase of these parameters. Additionally, citrulline supplementation was associated with a robust increase in citrulline concentration and flux and de novo arginine synthesis rate. The greater effect of citrulline in increasing NO production is due to its greater ability to increase arginine availability particularly in the intracellular compartment in which NO synthesis takes place. This study, which is the first one to assess NO metabolism in children with mitochondrial diseases, adds more evidence to the notion that NO deficiency occurs in MELAS syndrome, suggests a better effect for citrulline because of its greater role as NO precursor, and indicates that impaired NO production occurs in children as well as adults with MELAS syndrome. Thus, the initiation of treatment with NO precursors may be beneficial earlier in life. Controlled clinical trials to assess the therapeutic effects of arginine and citrulline on clinical complications of MELAS syndrome are needed.

Keywords: Lactic acidosis; Mitochondrial diseases; Stable isotope; Stroke-like.

Figure 1

NO production, arginine flux, citrulline flux, plasma arginine concentration, plasma citrulline concentration, and de novo arginine synthesis rate in control children and children with MELAS syndrome. The bars represent the mean (n=5) and the vertical lines above the bar represent the positive SEM (the negative SEM is not shown).

Figure 2

The effect of arginine and citrulline supplementations on NO production, arginine flux, citrulline flux, plasma arginine concentration, plasma citrulline concentration, and de novo arginine synthesis rate in children with MELAS syndrome. The bars represent the mean (n=5) and the vertical lines above the bar represent the positive SEM (the negative SEM is not shown).