The role of negative reinforcement eating expectancies in the relation between experiential avoidance and disinhibition

Abstract

Objectives: Eating-related disinhibition (i.e., a tendency to overeat in response to various stimuli) is associated with weight gain and poorer long-term weight loss success. Theoretically, experiential avoidance (i.e., the desire or attempts to avoid uncomfortable internal experiences), may predispose individuals to developing negative reinforcement eating expectancies (i.e., the belief that eating will help to mitigate distress), which in turn promote disinhibition. Such relationships are consistent with an acquired preparedness model, which posits that dispositions influence learning and subsequent behavior. Drawing from this framework, the current study represents the first investigation of relations between negative reinforcement eating expectancies, experiential avoidance (both general and food-specific) and disinhibited eating. In particular, the mediating role of negative reinforcement eating expectancies in the relation between experiential avoidance and disinhibited eating was examined.

Method: Participants (N=107) were overweight and obese individuals presenting for behavioral weight loss treatment who completed measures of general and food-related experiential avoidance, negative reinforcement eating expectancies, and disinhibition.

Results: Experiential avoidance and negative reinforcement eating expectancies significantly related to disinhibition. Furthermore, the relation between experiential avoidance and disinhibition was mediated by negative reinforcement eating expectancies.

Discussion: The current study supports an acquired preparedness model for disinhibition, such that the relation between experiential avoidance and disinhibition is accounted for by expectations that eating will alleviate distress. Findings highlight the potential role of eating expectancies in models accounting for obesity risk, and identify negative reinforcement eating expectancies as a potential treatment target for reducing disinhibition.

Keywords: Acquired preparedness; Disinhibition; Expectancies; Experiential avoidance; Obesity.

Figure 1

General experiential avoidance measured by the AAQ - Acceptance and Action Questionnaire II; Difficulties with food-related willingness measured by the FAAQ-W, - Food Acceptance and Action Questionnaire – Willingness subscale, and difficulties with food-related acceptance measured by the FAAQ-A – Food Acceptance and Action Questionnaire – Acceptance subscale. Food Acceptance and Action Questionnaire subscales were reverse scored to facilitate interpretation across measures, such that higher scores indicate lower levels of willingness and acceptance. Disinhibition was measured by the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire – Disinhibition subscale. Coefficients in bold represent significant effects (p < .05). Coefficients represent standardized effects.

Figure 2

General experiential avoidance measured by the AAQ - Acceptance and Action Questionnaire II; Difficulties with food-related willingness measured by the FAAQ-W, - Food Acceptance and Action Questionnaire – Willingness subscale, and difficulties with food-related acceptance measured by the FAAQ-A – Food Acceptance and Action Questionnaire – Acceptance subscale. Food Acceptance and Action Questionnaire subscales were reverse scored to facilitate interpretation across measures, such that higher scores indicate lower levels of willingness and acceptance. Negative reinforcement eating expectancies was measured by the Eating Expectancies Inventory, Disinhibition was measured by the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire – Disinhibition subscale. Coefficients in bold represent significant effects (p < .05). Coefficients represent standardized effects.