Measures of Maternal Stress and Mood in Relation to Preterm Birth

Abstract

Objective: To investigate the relationships between psychological and physiologic measures of stress, mood, and gestational age at delivery and preterm birth.

Methods: This prospective cohort study recruited healthy women in the early second trimester who were 18-45 years of age. Validated psychological measures of perceived stress, depressive symptoms, and anxiety were completed at 16, 22, 28, 34, and 40 weeks of gestation. Cortisol concentration was measured in maternal hair at 16, 28, and 40 weeks of gestation to approximate first-, second-, and third-trimester levels of physiologic stress. Statistical methods included: analyses of variance, t tests, χ, Pearson correlations, regression modeling, and mediation analysis as appropriate. Hair cortisol concentrations were natural log-transformed to normalize values.

Results: Eleven (12%) of the 90 included women had a spontaneous preterm birth or preterm premature rupture of membranes. Perceived stress at 16 weeks of gestation correlated with both second-trimester cortisol concentration (r=0.28, P=.007) and earlier gestational age at delivery (r=-0.30, P<.01). Gestational age at delivery was also negatively correlated with cortisol concentration in the second trimester (r=-0.25, P=.02) and second-trimester cortisol concentration was higher in preterm- (2.7 ± 0.4 log-transformed pg/mg) compared with term- (2.0 ± 0.7 log-transformed pg/mg, P<.001) delivered women. Using mediation statistics, the association between the psychological measure, the physiologic measure, and gestational age at delivery was mainly driven by increased physiologic stress (hair cortisol concentration) in the second trimester (difference in coefficients [standard error]=-0.05 [0.02]).

Conclusion: Higher perceived stress in the second trimester is associated with both elevated second-trimester hair cortisol concentration and gestational age at delivery. Physiologic measure of stress in the second trimester appears most strongly associated with preterm birth. Identification and amelioration of early pregnancy stressors may attenuate physiologic stress and ultimately affect preterm birth.

Figure 1

Maternal hair cortisol concentration (natural log (LN) transformed pg/mg) in the first, second, and third trimesters of pregnancy. Data presented are mean and standard deviation for the term delivered participants. Brackets and P values in figure represent paired t-tests.

Figure 2

Perceived stress scale score at 16 weeks of gestation and gestational age at delivery (weeks). Pearson r=−0.30, P<.01.

Figure 3

Second-trimester maternal hair cortisol concentration (natural log (LN) transformed pg/mg) and gestational age at delivery (weeks) Pearson r=−0.25, P=.02.