Status and Interrelationship of Zinc, Copper, Iron, Calcium and Selenium in Prostate Cancer

Abstract

Deficiency or excess of certain trace elements has been considered as risk factor for prostate cancer. This study was aimed to detect differential changes and mutual correlations of selected trace elements in prostate cancer tissue versus benign prostatic hyperplasia tissue. Zinc, copper, iron, calcium and selenium were analysed in histologically proven 15 prostate cancer tissues and 15 benign prostatic hyperplasia tissues using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Unpaired two tailed t test/Mann-Whitney U test and Pearson correlation coefficient were used to compare the level of trace elements, elemental ratios and their interrelations. As compared to benign prostatic tissue, malignant prostatic tissue had significantly lower selenium (p = 0.038) and zinc (p = 0.043) concentrations, a lower zinc/iron ratio (p = 0.04) and positive correlation of selenium with zinc (r = 0.71, p = 0.02) and iron (r = 0.76, p = 0.009). Considerably divergent interrelationship of elements and elemental ratios in prostate cancer versus benign prostatic hyperplasia was noted. Understanding of differential elemental changes and their interdependence may be useful in defining the complex metabolic alterations in prostate carcinogenesis with potential for development of element based newer diagnostic, preventive and therapeutic strategies. Further studies may be needed to elucidate this complex relationship between trace elements and prostate carcinogenesis.

Keywords: Benign prostatic hyperplasia; Prostate cancer; Prostate cancer prevention; Prostate carcinogenesis, metal carcinogenesis; Trace elements.

Fig. 1

Scatter plot diagrams showing significant (p < 0.05) correlations between trace elements in prostate cancer (PCa) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) (concentration of Zn, Ca, Cu and Fe is shown in µg/g wet tissue and that of Se is shown in ng/g wet tissue)